Theravada vs. Mahayana Buddhism
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8 major schools: four practice-based (Zen, Pure Land, Vajrayana, Vinaya); four philosophy-based (Tendai, Avamtasaka, Yogacara and Madhyamika)
| Theravada | Mahayana | |
|---|---|---|
| Location | Southern (Sri Lanka, Thailand, Burma, Laos, Cambodia, parts of Southeast Asia) |
Northern (Tibet, China, Taiwan, Japan, Korea, Mongolia, parts of Southeast Asia ) |
| Schools and Sects | One surviving school (as many as 18 existed at one time) |
|
| Buddhist Scriptures | Pali Canon/Tripitaka only | Books of the Theravada Tripitaka plus many other sutras (e.g. Lotus Sutra) |
| Buddhas | Historical Buddha (Gautama) and past Buddhas only |
Gautama Buddha plus Amitabha, Medicine Buddhas, and others |
| Bodhisattvas | Maitreya only | Maitreya plus Avalokitesvara, Manjusri, Ksitigarbha and Samantabhadra and many more |
| Goal of Training | Arhat | Buddhahood via bodhisattva-path |
| 3 Buddha Bodies (Trikaya) | Very limited emphasis; mainly on nirmana-kaya and dharma-kaya |
Emphasized, including the samboga-kaya or reward/enjoyment body |
| Original Language | Pali | Sanskrit |
| Language of Transmission | Tripitaka is only in Pali. Teaching in Pali supplemented by local language. |
Scriptures translated into local language. |
| Buddha's Disciples | Historical disciples described in Scriptures | Many bodhisattvas that are not historical figures |
| Mantras and Mudras | Some equivalent in the use of Parittas |
Emphasized in Vajrayana; sometimes incorporated in other schools |
| Bardo (Limbo) | Rejected | Taught by all schools |
| Non-Buddhist Influences | Mainly pre-Buddhist Indian influences like concepts of karma, sangha, etc. |
Heavily influenced by local religious ideas as transmitted to new cultures (China, Japan, Tibet). |
| Buddha Nature | Not taught | Emphasized, especially in practice-based schools |
| Rituals | Very few; not emphasized | Many, owing to local cultural influences |