Difference between revisions of "Mahakala mask as 'Yidam'"
(Created page with " Yidam is a type of deity associated with tantric or Vajrayana Buddhism said to be manifestations of Buddhahood or enlightened mind. During personal meditation (sādhana)...") |
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| − | Yidam is a type of deity associated with tantric or Vajrayana Buddhism said to be manifestations of Buddhahood or enlightened mind. During personal meditation (sādhana) practice, the yogi identifies their own form, attributes and mind with those of a yidam for the purpose of transformation. Yidam is sometimes | + | [[Yidam]] is a type of [[deity]] associated with [[tantric]] or [[Vajrayana Buddhism]] said to be [[manifestations]] of [[Buddhahood]] or [[enlightened mind]]. During personal [[meditation]] ([[sādhana]]) practice, the [[yogi]] identifies their [[own]] [[form]], [[attributes]] and [[mind]] with those of a [[yidam]] for the {{Wiki|purpose}} of [[transformation]]. [[Yidam]] is sometimes |
| − | translated by the terms "meditational deity" or "tutelary deity". Examples of yidams include the meditation deities Chakrasamvara, Kalachakra, Hevajra, Yamantaka, and Vajrayogini, all of whom have a distinctive iconography, mandala, mantra, rites of invocation and practice. | + | translated by the terms "[[meditational deity]]" or "[[Wikipedia:tutelary deity|tutelary deity]]". Examples of [[yidams]] include the [[meditation deities]] [[Chakrasamvara]], [[Kalachakra]], [[Hevajra]], [[Yamantaka]], and [[Vajrayogini]], all of whom have a {{Wiki|distinctive}} [[iconography]], [[mandala]], [[mantra]], [[rites]] of {{Wiki|invocation}} and practice. |
| − | In Vajrayana, the yidam is one of the three roots of the "inner" refuge formula and is also the key element of Deity yoga since the 'deity' in the yoga is the yidam. | + | In [[Vajrayana]], the [[yidam]] is one of the [[three roots]] of the "inner" [[refuge formula]] and is also the key [[element]] of [[Deity yoga]] since the '[[deity]]' in the [[yoga]] is the [[yidam]]. |
| − | Three Roots-The Sanskrit word iṣṭadevatā or iṣṭadevaḥ a compound of iṣṭa (desired, liked, reverenced) + devatā (a deity or divine being) is a term associated with yidam in many popular books on Buddhist Tantra but has not been attested in any Buddhist tantric text in Sanskrit. | + | Three Roots-The [[Sanskrit]] [[word]] [[iṣṭadevatā]] or [[iṣṭadevaḥ]] a compound of [[iṣṭa]] ([[desired]], liked, reverenced) + [[devatā]] (a [[deity]] or [[divine being]]) is a term associated with [[yidam]] in many popular [[books]] on [[Buddhist Tantra]] but has not been attested in any [[Buddhist tantric]] text in [[Sanskrit]]. |
| − | The yidam appears as one of the Three Roots in the Tibetan Buddhist 'Inner' refuge formulation. The iconography of the yidam may be 'peaceful', 'wrathful' (Tibetan tro wa) or 'neither peaceful or wrathful'(Tibetan: shi ma tro), depending on the practitioner's own nature.The yidam represents awakening and so its appearance reflects whatever is required by the practitioner in order to awaken. The guru will guide the student as to which yidam is appropriate for them and then initiation into the mandala of the Ishta-deva is given by the guru, so that Deity Yogapractices can be undertaken. In essence, the mindstream of the guru and the yidam are indivisible. The yidam is considered to be the root of success in the practice. | + | The [[yidam]] appears as one of the [[Three Roots]] in the [[Tibetan Buddhist]] 'Inner' [[refuge]] formulation. The [[iconography]] of the [[yidam]] may be '[[peaceful]]', '[[wrathful]]' ([[Tibetan]] [[tro wa]]) or 'neither [[peaceful]] or wrathful'(Tibetan: [[shi ma tro]]), depending on the practitioner's [[own]] nature.The [[yidam]] represents [[awakening]] and so its [[appearance]] reflects whatever is required by the [[practitioner]] in order to [[awaken]]. The [[guru]] will guide the [[student]] as to which [[yidam]] is appropriate for them and then [[initiation]] into the [[mandala]] of the [[Ishta-deva]] is given by the [[guru]], so that [[Deity]] Yogapractices can be undertaken. In [[essence]], the [[mindstream]] of the [[guru]] and the [[yidam]] are indivisible. The [[yidam]] is considered to be the [[root]] of [[success]] in the practice. |
| − | The Vajrayana traditions of China, Korea and Japan, while smaller and less prominent than Indo-Tibetan tantric Buddhism, are characterized in part by the utilization of yidams in meditation. | + | The [[Vajrayana traditions]] of [[China]], [[Korea]] and [[Japan]], while smaller and less prominent than [[Indo-Tibetan]] [[tantric Buddhism]], are characterized in part by the utilization of [[yidams]] in [[meditation]]. |
| − | The principal yidam in the Newar Vajrayana tradition of Nepal are Chakrasamvara and Vajravarahi. In that tradition, three components are essential to a temple complex: a main shrine symbolizing Svayambhu Mahachaitya; an exoteric shrine featuring Buddha Shakyamuni and other buddhas and bodhisattvas; and an esoteric shrine dedicated to the yidam, to which only initiates may be admitted. | + | The [[principal]] [[yidam]] in the {{Wiki|Newar}} [[Vajrayana tradition]] of [[Nepal]] are [[Chakrasamvara]] and [[Vajravarahi]]. In that [[tradition]], three components are [[essential]] to a [[temple]] complex: a main [[shrine]] [[symbolizing]] [[Svayambhu Mahachaitya]]; an [[exoteric]] [[shrine]] featuring [[Buddha Shakyamuni]] and other [[buddhas]] and [[bodhisattvas]]; and an [[esoteric]] [[shrine]] dedicated to the [[yidam]], to which only [[initiates]] may be admitted. |
| − | According to The Tonglen and Mind Training Site which discusses Tonglen and Ngöndro, Yidam is: | + | According to The [[Tonglen]] and [[Mind Training]] Site which discusses [[Tonglen]] and [[Ngöndro]], [[Yidam]] is: |
| − | Visualized representative of your enlightened energy, or Buddha-nature. Tricky concept for Westerners; closest concept might be that of a patron saint in Catholicism, except that a yidam is not a historical figure and is not necessarily supposed to 'exist' in the same way human beings do. Other related concepts might be a totem or power animal in the Native American tradition, or even the fairy godmother in children's tales. | + | [[Visualized]] representative of your [[enlightened energy]], or [[Buddha-nature]]. Tricky {{Wiki|concept}} for [[Westerners]]; closest {{Wiki|concept}} might be that of a {{Wiki|patron}} [[saint]] in {{Wiki|Catholicism}}, except that a [[yidam]] is not a historical figure and is not necessarily supposed to '[[exist]]' in the same way [[human beings]] do. Other related [[Wikipedia:concept|concepts]] might be a totem or power [[animal]] in the Native [[American]] [[tradition]], or even the fairy godmother in children's tales. |
| − | Brennan (2006) draws a comparison between yidam and "tulpas", Tibetan spirits, (Tibetan) and uses the English rendering "thoughtform". The sacred architecture of their instrumentation, themagic circle, is (Tibetan: kylkhor; kyil khor). | + | Brennan (2006) draws a comparison between [[yidam]] and "[[tulpas]]", [[Tibetan]] [[spirits]], ([[Tibetan]]) and uses the English rendering "[[thoughtform]]". The [[sacred]] [[architecture]] of their instrumentation, themagic circle, is ([[Tibetan]]: [[kylkhor]]; [[kyil khor]]). |
| − | Exegesis | + | {{Wiki|Exegesis}} |
| − | During the (meditation) practice of the generation stage, a practitioner (sadhaka) establishes a strong familiarity with the Ishta-deva (an enlightened being) by means of visualization and a high level of concentration. During the practice of the completion stage, a practitioner focusses on methods to actualize the transformation of ones' own mindstream and body into the meditation Deity by meditation and yogic techniques of energy-control such as kundalini (tummo in Tibetan). Through these complementary disciplines of generation and completion one increasingly perceives the pervasive Buddha nature. | + | During the ([[meditation]]) practice of the [[generation stage]], a [[practitioner]] ([[sadhaka]]) establishes a strong familiarity with the [[Ishta-deva]] (an [[enlightened being]]) by means of [[visualization]] and a high level of [[concentration]]. During the practice of the [[completion stage]], a [[practitioner]] focusses on [[methods]] to actualize the [[transformation]] of ones' [[own]] [[mindstream]] and [[body]] into the [[meditation Deity]] by [[meditation]] and [[yogic]] [[techniques]] of energy-control such as [[kundalini]] ([[tummo]] in [[Tibetan]]). Through these complementary [[disciplines]] of [[generation and completion]] one increasingly [[perceives]] the {{Wiki|pervasive}} [[Buddha nature]]. |
| − | Judith Simmer-Brown summarises: | + | [[Judith Simmer-Brown]] summarises: |
| − | ... a yidam, a personal meditational deity, a potent ritual symbol simultaneously representing the mind of the guru and lineage of enlightened teachers, and the enlightened mind of the tantric practitioner. Recognizing the inseparability of these two is the ground of tantric practice.[10] | + | ... a [[yidam]], a [[personal meditational deity]], a potent [[ritual]] [[symbol]] simultaneously representing the [[mind]] of the [[guru]] and [[lineage]] of [[enlightened]] [[teachers]], and the [[enlightened mind]] of the [[tantric practitioner]]. [[Recognizing]] the {{Wiki|inseparability}} of these two is the ground of [[tantric practice]].[10] |
| − | Berzin (1997: unpaginated) in discussing Buddhist refuge commitment and bodhisattva vows frames a caution to sadhana: | + | [[Berzin]] (1997: unpaginated) in discussing [[Buddhist refuge]] commitment and [[bodhisattva vows]] frames a caution to [[sadhana]]: |
| − | More specifically, this commitment means not taking ultimate refuge in gods or spirits. Buddhism, particularly in its Tibetan form, often contains ritual ceremonies, or pujas, directed toward various Buddha-figures or fierce protectors in order to help dispel obstacles and accomplish constructive purposes. Performing these ceremonies provides conducive circumstances for negative potentials to ripen in trivial rather than major obstacles, and positive potentials to ripen sooner rather than later. If we have built up overwhelmingly negative potentials, however, these ceremonies are ineffective in averting difficulties. Therefore, propitiating gods, spirits, protectors or even Buddhas is never a substitute for attending to our karma – avoiding destructive conduct and acting in a constructive manner. Buddhism is not a spiritual path of protector-worship, or even Buddha-worship. The safe direction of the Buddhist path is working to become a Buddha ourselves. | + | More specifically, this commitment means not taking [[Wikipedia:Absolute (philosophy)|ultimate]] [[refuge]] in [[gods]] or [[spirits]]. [[Buddhism]], particularly in its [[Tibetan]] [[form]], often contains [[ritual]] {{Wiki|ceremonies}}, or [[pujas]], directed toward various [[Buddha-figures]] or fierce [[protectors]] in order to help dispel [[obstacles]] and accomplish constructive purposes. Performing these {{Wiki|ceremonies}} provides conducive circumstances for negative potentials to ripen in [[trivial]] rather than major [[obstacles]], and positive potentials to ripen sooner rather than later. If we have built up overwhelmingly negative potentials, however, these {{Wiki|ceremonies}} are ineffective in averting difficulties. Therefore, propitiating [[gods]], [[spirits]], [[protectors]] or even [[Buddhas]] is never a substitute for attending to our [[karma]] – avoiding {{Wiki|destructive}} conduct and acting in a constructive manner. [[Buddhism]] is not a [[spiritual path]] of protector-worship, or even Buddha-worship. The safe [[direction]] of the [[Buddhist path]] is working to become a [[Buddha]] ourselves. |
| − | In the Vajrayana practices of Tibetan Buddhism, 'safe direction', or 'refuge' is undertaken through the Three Roots, the practitioner relying on an Ishta-deva in Deity Yoga as a means of becoming a Buddha. | + | In the [[Vajrayana practices]] of [[Tibetan Buddhism]], 'safe [[direction]]', or '[[refuge]]' is undertaken through the [[Three Roots]], the [[practitioner]] relying on an [[Ishta-deva]] in [[Deity Yoga]] as a means of becoming a [[Buddha]]. |
| − | The yidam is used as a means or a goal of transformation towards full enlightenment. According to certain traditions, the Ishtadevas are considered as the emanation of the adept's own mind. | + | The [[yidam]] is used as a means or a goal of [[transformation]] towards [[full enlightenment]]. According to certain [[traditions]], the Ishtadevas are considered as the [[emanation]] of the adept's [[own mind]]. |
Latest revision as of 04:55, 4 February 2020
Yidam is a type of deity associated with tantric or Vajrayana Buddhism said to be manifestations of Buddhahood or enlightened mind. During personal meditation (sādhana) practice, the yogi identifies their own form, attributes and mind with those of a yidam for the purpose of transformation. Yidam is sometimes
translated by the terms "meditational deity" or "tutelary deity". Examples of yidams include the meditation deities Chakrasamvara, Kalachakra, Hevajra, Yamantaka, and Vajrayogini, all of whom have a distinctive iconography, mandala, mantra, rites of invocation and practice. In Vajrayana, the yidam is one of the three roots of the "inner" refuge formula and is also the key element of Deity yoga since the 'deity' in the yoga is the yidam.
Three Roots-The Sanskrit word iṣṭadevatā or iṣṭadevaḥ a compound of iṣṭa (desired, liked, reverenced) + devatā (a deity or divine being) is a term associated with yidam in many popular books on Buddhist Tantra but has not been attested in any Buddhist tantric text in Sanskrit.
The yidam appears as one of the Three Roots in the Tibetan Buddhist 'Inner' refuge formulation. The iconography of the yidam may be 'peaceful', 'wrathful' (Tibetan tro wa) or 'neither peaceful or wrathful'(Tibetan: shi ma tro), depending on the practitioner's own nature.The yidam represents awakening and so its appearance reflects whatever is required by the practitioner in order to awaken. The guru will guide the student as to which yidam is appropriate for them and then initiation into the mandala of the Ishta-deva is given by the guru, so that Deity Yogapractices can be undertaken. In essence, the mindstream of the guru and the yidam are indivisible. The yidam is considered to be the root of success in the practice.
The Vajrayana traditions of China, Korea and Japan, while smaller and less prominent than Indo-Tibetan tantric Buddhism, are characterized in part by the utilization of yidams in meditation.
The principal yidam in the Newar Vajrayana tradition of Nepal are Chakrasamvara and Vajravarahi. In that tradition, three components are essential to a temple complex: a main shrine symbolizing Svayambhu Mahachaitya; an exoteric shrine featuring Buddha Shakyamuni and other buddhas and bodhisattvas; and an esoteric shrine dedicated to the yidam, to which only initiates may be admitted.
According to The Tonglen and Mind Training Site which discusses Tonglen and Ngöndro, Yidam is:
Visualized representative of your enlightened energy, or Buddha-nature. Tricky concept for Westerners; closest concept might be that of a patron saint in Catholicism, except that a yidam is not a historical figure and is not necessarily supposed to 'exist' in the same way human beings do. Other related concepts might be a totem or power animal in the Native American tradition, or even the fairy godmother in children's tales. Brennan (2006) draws a comparison between yidam and "tulpas", Tibetan spirits, (Tibetan) and uses the English rendering "thoughtform". The sacred architecture of their instrumentation, themagic circle, is (Tibetan: kylkhor; kyil khor).
During the (meditation) practice of the generation stage, a practitioner (sadhaka) establishes a strong familiarity with the Ishta-deva (an enlightened being) by means of visualization and a high level of concentration. During the practice of the completion stage, a practitioner focusses on methods to actualize the transformation of ones' own mindstream and body into the meditation Deity by meditation and yogic techniques of energy-control such as kundalini (tummo in Tibetan). Through these complementary disciplines of generation and completion one increasingly perceives the pervasive Buddha nature.
Judith Simmer-Brown summarises:
... a yidam, a personal meditational deity, a potent ritual symbol simultaneously representing the mind of the guru and lineage of enlightened teachers, and the enlightened mind of the tantric practitioner. Recognizing the inseparability of these two is the ground of tantric practice.[10]
Berzin (1997: unpaginated) in discussing Buddhist refuge commitment and bodhisattva vows frames a caution to sadhana:
More specifically, this commitment means not taking ultimate refuge in gods or spirits. Buddhism, particularly in its Tibetan form, often contains ritual ceremonies, or pujas, directed toward various Buddha-figures or fierce protectors in order to help dispel obstacles and accomplish constructive purposes. Performing these ceremonies provides conducive circumstances for negative potentials to ripen in trivial rather than major obstacles, and positive potentials to ripen sooner rather than later. If we have built up overwhelmingly negative potentials, however, these ceremonies are ineffective in averting difficulties. Therefore, propitiating gods, spirits, protectors or even Buddhas is never a substitute for attending to our karma – avoiding destructive conduct and acting in a constructive manner. Buddhism is not a spiritual path of protector-worship, or even Buddha-worship. The safe direction of the Buddhist path is working to become a Buddha ourselves.
In the Vajrayana practices of Tibetan Buddhism, 'safe direction', or 'refuge' is undertaken through the Three Roots, the practitioner relying on an Ishta-deva in Deity Yoga as a means of becoming a Buddha.
The yidam is used as a means or a goal of transformation towards full enlightenment. According to certain traditions, the Ishtadevas are considered as the emanation of the adept's own mind.
