Difference between revisions of "Jebtsundamba Khutuktu"
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| − | The | + | The [[Khalkha Jebtsundamba Khutuktus]] ({{Wiki|Mongolian}}: [[Жавзандамба хутагт]], [[Javzandamba Khutagt]]; [[Tibetan]]: {{BigTibetan|[[རྗེ་བཙུན་དམ་པ་]]}} [[Jebtsundamba]]; literally, "{{Wiki|Holy}} [[Venerable]] [[Lord]]") are the [[spiritual]] heads of the [[Gelug]] [[lineage]] of [[Tibetan Buddhism]] in {{Wiki|Mongolia}}. They also hold the title of {{Wiki|Bogd Gegeen}}, making them the top-ranked [[lamas]] in {{Wiki|Mongolia}}. |
== History == | == History == | ||
[[Image:Museum of Ethnology Vienna 003.JPG|thumb|Statue of Öndör Gegeen [[Zanabazar]], the first Jetsun Damba]] | [[Image:Museum of Ethnology Vienna 003.JPG|thumb|Statue of Öndör Gegeen [[Zanabazar]], the first Jetsun Damba]] | ||
| − | The | + | The [[first Jebtsundamba]], [[Zanabazar]] (1635–1723), was identified as the {{Wiki|reincarnation}} of the {{Wiki|scholar}} [[Taranatha]] of the [[Jonang]] school of [[Tibetan Buddhism]]. [[Zanabazar]] was the son of the [[Tüsheet Khan Gombodorj]], [[ruler]] of central Khalkha {{Wiki|Mongolia}}, and himself became the [[spiritual]] head of the {{Wiki|Khalkha Mongols}}. |
| − | Like [[Zanabazar]], the | + | Like [[Zanabazar]], the [[second Jebtsundamba]] also was a member of {{Wiki|Mongolia}}'s [[highest]] [[nobility]] and direct descendant of {{Wiki|Genghis Khan}}. After {{Wiki|Chingünjav}}'s rebellion and the successive demise of the [[second Jebtsundamba Khutugtu]], the {{Wiki|Qianlong emperor}} decreed in 1758 that all future {{Wiki|reincarnations}} were to be found from among the population of {{Wiki|Tibet}}. |
| − | When northern {{Wiki|Mongolia}} declared independence in 1911, the | + | When northern {{Wiki|Mongolia}} declared {{Wiki|independence}} in 1911, the [[eighth Jebtsundamba]] (1869–1924) was elevated to {{Wiki|theocratic}} [[ruler]], called {{Wiki|Bogd Khan}}. He was the head of state until his [[death]] in 1924. The {{Wiki|communist}} government of the {{Wiki|Mongolian People's Republic}}, which replaced the {{Wiki|theocracy}} in 1924, declared that there were to be no further {{Wiki|reincarnations}}. |
| − | A {{Wiki|reincarnation}} was in fact found almost at once in north {{Wiki|Mongolia}}, and some high [[lamas]] of the dead Khutughtu's suite went to interview the child's mother, Tsendjav, and to instruct her in the details of the life of the former {{Wiki|incarnation}}, so that she could familiarize the child-candidate with the tests which he would have to undergo. Faced with the possibility of a new Khutughtu who was born within {{Wiki|Mongolia}} and was not even a foreigner from {{Wiki|Tibet}}, the Central Committee of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party decided in July 1925 to turn the matter over to the aged [[Dalai Lama]] in {{Wiki|Lhasa}}. The [[Dalai Lama]]'s decision would nonetheless be subject to new Mongolian legislation for the separation of Church and State. In February 1929, the installation of any further Khutughtus was forbidden. | + | A {{Wiki|reincarnation}} was in fact found almost at once in [[north]] {{Wiki|Mongolia}}, and some high [[lamas]] of the [[dead]] [[Khutughtu's]] suite went to interview the child's mother, Tsendjav, and to instruct her in the details of the [[life]] of the former {{Wiki|incarnation}}, so that she could familiarize the child-candidate with the tests which he would have to undergo. Faced with the possibility of a new [[Khutughtu]] who was born within {{Wiki|Mongolia}} and was not even a foreigner from {{Wiki|Tibet}}, the Central Committee of the {{Wiki|Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party}} decided in July 1925 to turn the matter over to the aged [[Dalai Lama]] in {{Wiki|Lhasa}}. The [[Dalai Lama]]'s decision would nonetheless be [[subject]] to new {{Wiki|Mongolian}} legislation for the separation of {{Wiki|Church}} and State. In February 1929, the installation of any further [[Khutughtus]] was forbidden. |
| − | A | + | A [[9th Jebtsundamba Khutughtu]] was installed by the [[Dalai Lama]], as the head of the [[Jonang]] lingeage. He was born as [[Jampal Namdol Chökyi Gyaltsen]] in 1932. He [[died]] in early 2012. Despite the {{Wiki|Chinese}} government's claim to have inherited the authority and [[Wikipedia:Absolute (philosophy)|ultimate]] decision right for the choice of successor of all high [[lamas]] in {{Wiki|Mongolia}} and {{Wiki|Tibet}}, the [[9th Jebstundamba]] has passed will to be [[reincarnated]] within the independent {{Wiki|Mongolia}} and the selection will be confirmed by the [[Dalai Lama]]. This puts {{Wiki|China}} in a {{Wiki|dilemma}} of endangering their foreign affairs with {{Wiki|Mongolia}} for the choice of the next [[Lama]] or to forfeit this right that they claim to have control of [[religious]] affair, ultimately giving up their authority over the choice of the next [[dalai lama]] and putting their current choice of {{Wiki|panchen lama}} in question. |
| − | == List of Jebtsundamba Khutuktus == | + | == List of [[Jebtsundamba]] Khutuktus == |
[[Image:BogdKhan.jpg|thumb|The eighth Jebtsundamba, also known as the [[Bogd Khan]]]] | [[Image:BogdKhan.jpg|thumb|The eighth Jebtsundamba, also known as the [[Bogd Khan]]]] | ||
| − | {{Wiki|Bogdo gegeen}} (Mongolian and ceremonial Tibetan-language names) | + | {{Wiki|Bogdo gegeen}} ({{Wiki|Mongolian}} and {{Wiki|ceremonial}} Tibetan-language names) |
| − | *1635 - 1723 Öndör Gegeen | + | *1635 - 1723 [[Öndör Gegeen Zanabazar]] ([[Blo-bzang-bstan-pa'i-rgyal-mtshan]]), [[1st Jebtsundamba Khutughtu]] |
| − | *1724 - 1757 Luvsandambiydonmi (Blo-bzang-bstan-pa'i-srgon-me), [[2nd | + | *1724 - 1757 [[Luvsandambiydonmi]] ([[Blo-bzang-bstan-pa'i-srgon-me]]), [[2nd Jebtsundamba Khutughtu]] |
| − | *1758 - 1773 Ishdambiynyam (Ye-shes-bstan-pa'i-nyi-ma), [[3rd | + | *1758 - 1773 [[Ishdambiynyam]] ([[Ye-shes-bstan-pa'i-nyi-ma]]), [[3rd Jebtsundamba Khutughtu]] |
| − | *1775 - 1813 Luvsantüvdenvanchug (Blo-bzang-thub-bstan-dbang-phyug), | + | *1775 - 1813 [[Luvsantüvdenvanchug]] ([[Blo-bzang-thub-bstan-dbang-phyug]]), [[4th Jebtsundamba Khutughtu]] |
| − | *1815 - 1841 Luvsanchültimjigmed (Blo-bzang-tshul-khrim-'jigs-med), | + | *1815 - 1841 [[Luvsanchültimjigmed]] ([[Blo-bzang-tshul-khrim-'jigs-med]]), [[5th Jebtsundamba Khutughtu]] |
| − | *1843 - 1848 Luvsantüvdenchoyjijaltsan (Blo-bzang-dpal-ldan-bstan-pa), [[6th | + | *1843 - 1848 [[Luvsantüvdenchoyjijaltsan]] ([[Blo-bzang-dpal-ldan-bstan-pa]]), [[6th Jebtsundamba Khutughtu]] |
| − | *1850 - 1868 Agvaanchoyjivanchugperenlaijamts (Ngag-dbang-chos-kyi-dbang-phyug-'phrin-las-rgya-mtsho), | + | *1850 - 1868 [[Agvaanchoyjivanchugperenlaijamts]] ([[Ngag-dbang-chos-kyi-dbang-phyug-'phrin-las-rgya-mtsho]]), [[7th Jebtsundamba Khutughtu]] |
| − | *1870 - 20 May 1924 Agvaanluvsanchoyjindanzanvaanchigbalsambuu (Ngag-dbang-blo-bzang-chos-rje-nyi-ma-bstan-'dzin-dbang-phyug rJe-btsun-dam-pa Bla-ma), | + | *1870 - 20 May 1924 [[Agvaanluvsanchoyjindanzanvaanchigbalsambuu]] ([[Ngag-dbang-blo-bzang-chos-rje-nyi-ma-bstan-'dzin-dbang-phyug rJe-btsun-dam-pa Bla-ma]]), [[8th Jebtsundamba Khutughtu]] and [[Bogd Khan]] (b. 1869 - d. 1924) |
| − | *1936 - 1 March 2012 Jambalnamdolchoyjijantsan (Jampal Namdrol Chokye Gyaltsen), [[9th Jebtsundamba Khutughtu]] (b. 1932 - d. March 1, 2012; from 1991, recognized by the [[Dalai Lama]]; in {{Wiki|Tibet}} exile to 1959, then in {{Wiki|India}}) | + | *1936 - 1 March 2012 [[Jambalnamdolchoyjijantsan]] ([[Jampal Namdrol Chokye Gyaltsen]]), [[9th Jebtsundamba Khutughtu]] (b. 1932 - d. March 1, 2012; from 1991, [[recognized]] by the [[Dalai Lama]]; in {{Wiki|Tibet}} exile to 1959, then in {{Wiki|India}}) |
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[[Category:Mongolia]] | [[Category:Mongolia]] | ||
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Revision as of 05:00, 11 December 2013
The Khalkha Jebtsundamba Khutuktus (Mongolian: Жавзандамба хутагт, Javzandamba Khutagt; Tibetan: རྗེ་བཙུན་དམ་པ་ Jebtsundamba; literally, "Holy Venerable Lord") are the spiritual heads of the Gelug lineage of Tibetan Buddhism in Mongolia. They also hold the title of Bogd Gegeen, making them the top-ranked lamas in Mongolia.
History
The first Jebtsundamba, Zanabazar (1635–1723), was identified as the reincarnation of the scholar Taranatha of the Jonang school of Tibetan Buddhism. Zanabazar was the son of the Tüsheet Khan Gombodorj, ruler of central Khalkha Mongolia, and himself became the spiritual head of the Khalkha Mongols.
Like Zanabazar, the second Jebtsundamba also was a member of Mongolia's highest nobility and direct descendant of Genghis Khan. After Chingünjav's rebellion and the successive demise of the second Jebtsundamba Khutugtu, the Qianlong emperor decreed in 1758 that all future reincarnations were to be found from among the population of Tibet.
When northern Mongolia declared independence in 1911, the eighth Jebtsundamba (1869–1924) was elevated to theocratic ruler, called Bogd Khan. He was the head of state until his death in 1924. The communist government of the Mongolian People's Republic, which replaced the theocracy in 1924, declared that there were to be no further reincarnations.
A reincarnation was in fact found almost at once in north Mongolia, and some high lamas of the dead Khutughtu's suite went to interview the child's mother, Tsendjav, and to instruct her in the details of the life of the former incarnation, so that she could familiarize the child-candidate with the tests which he would have to undergo. Faced with the possibility of a new Khutughtu who was born within Mongolia and was not even a foreigner from Tibet, the Central Committee of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party decided in July 1925 to turn the matter over to the aged Dalai Lama in Lhasa. The Dalai Lama's decision would nonetheless be subject to new Mongolian legislation for the separation of Church and State. In February 1929, the installation of any further Khutughtus was forbidden.
A 9th Jebtsundamba Khutughtu was installed by the Dalai Lama, as the head of the Jonang lingeage. He was born as Jampal Namdol Chökyi Gyaltsen in 1932. He died in early 2012. Despite the Chinese government's claim to have inherited the authority and ultimate decision right for the choice of successor of all high lamas in Mongolia and Tibet, the 9th Jebstundamba has passed will to be reincarnated within the independent Mongolia and the selection will be confirmed by the Dalai Lama. This puts China in a dilemma of endangering their foreign affairs with Mongolia for the choice of the next Lama or to forfeit this right that they claim to have control of religious affair, ultimately giving up their authority over the choice of the next dalai lama and putting their current choice of panchen lama in question.
List of Jebtsundamba Khutuktus
Bogdo gegeen (Mongolian and ceremonial Tibetan-language names)
- 1635 - 1723 Öndör Gegeen Zanabazar (Blo-bzang-bstan-pa'i-rgyal-mtshan), 1st Jebtsundamba Khutughtu
- 1724 - 1757 Luvsandambiydonmi (Blo-bzang-bstan-pa'i-srgon-me), 2nd Jebtsundamba Khutughtu
- 1758 - 1773 Ishdambiynyam (Ye-shes-bstan-pa'i-nyi-ma), 3rd Jebtsundamba Khutughtu
- 1775 - 1813 Luvsantüvdenvanchug (Blo-bzang-thub-bstan-dbang-phyug), 4th Jebtsundamba Khutughtu
- 1815 - 1841 Luvsanchültimjigmed (Blo-bzang-tshul-khrim-'jigs-med), 5th Jebtsundamba Khutughtu
- 1843 - 1848 Luvsantüvdenchoyjijaltsan (Blo-bzang-dpal-ldan-bstan-pa), 6th Jebtsundamba Khutughtu
- 1850 - 1868 Agvaanchoyjivanchugperenlaijamts (Ngag-dbang-chos-kyi-dbang-phyug-'phrin-las-rgya-mtsho), 7th Jebtsundamba Khutughtu
- 1870 - 20 May 1924 Agvaanluvsanchoyjindanzanvaanchigbalsambuu (Ngag-dbang-blo-bzang-chos-rje-nyi-ma-bstan-'dzin-dbang-phyug rJe-btsun-dam-pa Bla-ma), 8th Jebtsundamba Khutughtu and Bogd Khan (b. 1869 - d. 1924)
- 1936 - 1 March 2012 Jambalnamdolchoyjijantsan (Jampal Namdrol Chokye Gyaltsen), 9th Jebtsundamba Khutughtu (b. 1932 - d. March 1, 2012; from 1991, recognized by the Dalai Lama; in Tibet exile to 1959, then in India)
