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Difference between revisions of "The Gospel of Buddha:Chapter 16: The Sermon at Benares"

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On seeing their old teacher approach,<br/>
+
On [[seeing]] their old [[teacher]] approach,<br/>
the five bhikkhus agreed among themselves not to salute him,<br/>
+
the five [[bhikkhus]] agreed among themselves not to salute him,<br/>
nor to address him as a master, but by his name only.<br/>
+
nor to address him as a [[master]], but by his [[name]] only.<br/>
"For," so they said, "he has broken his vow and has abandoned holiness.<br/>
+
"For," so they said, "he has broken his [[vow]] and has abandoned holiness.<br/>
He is no bhikkhu but Gotama,<br/>
+
He is no [[bhikkhu]] but [[Gotama]],<br/>
and Gotama has become a man who lives in abundance<br/>
+
and [[Gotama]] has become a man who [[lives]] in abundance<br/>
and indulges in the pleasures of worldliness." [1]<br/>
+
and indulges in the [[pleasures]] of worldliness." [1]<br/>
 
<br/>
 
<br/>
But when the Blessed One approached in a dignified manner,<br/>
+
But when the [[Blessed One]] approached in a dignified [[manner]],<br/>
 
they involuntarily rose from their seats<br/>
 
they involuntarily rose from their seats<br/>
 
and greeted him in spite of their resolution.<br/>
 
and greeted him in spite of their resolution.<br/>
Still they called him by his name and addressed him as "friend Gotama." [2]<br/>
+
Still they called him by his [[name]] and addressed him as "[[friend]] [[Gotama]]." [2]<br/>
 
<br/>
 
<br/>
When they had thus received the Blessed One, he said:<br/>
+
When they had thus received the [[Blessed One]], he said:<br/>
"Do not call the Tathagata by his name<br/>
+
"Do not call the [[Tathagata]] by his [[name]]<br/>
nor address him as 'friend,'<br/>
+
nor address him as '[[friend]],'<br/>
for he is the Buddha, the Holy One.<br/>
+
for he is the [[Buddha]], the [[Holy One]].<br/>
The Buddha looks with a kind heart equally on all living beings,<br/>
+
The [[Buddha]] looks with a kind [[heart]] equally on all [[living beings]],<br/>
 
and they therefore call him 'father.'<br/>
 
and they therefore call him 'father.'<br/>
To disrespect a father is wrong; to despise him, is wicked. [3]<br/>
+
To {{Wiki|disrespect}} a father is wrong; to despise him, is wicked. [3]<br/>
 
<br/>
 
<br/>
"The Tathagata," the Buddha continued,<br/>
+
"The [[Tathagata]]," the [[Buddha]] continued,<br/>
"does not seek salvation in austerities,<br/>
+
"does not seek {{Wiki|salvation}} in austerities,<br/>
but neither does he for that reason indulge in worldly pleasures, nor live in abudance.<br/>
+
but neither does he for that [[reason]] indulge in [[worldly]] [[pleasures]], nor live in abudance.<br/>
The Tathagata has found the middle path. [4]<br/>
+
The [[Tathagata]] has found the [[middle path]]. [4]<br/>
 
<br/>
 
<br/>
"There are two extremes, O bhikkhus,<br/>
+
"There are [[two extremes]], O [[bhikkhus]],<br/>
which the man who has given up the world ought not follow -<br/>
+
which the man who has given up the [[world]] ought not follow -<br/>
 
the habitual practice, on the one hand,<br/>
 
the habitual practice, on the one hand,<br/>
 
of self-indulgence which is unworthy, vain and fit only for the worldly-minded -<br/>
 
of self-indulgence which is unworthy, vain and fit only for the worldly-minded -<br/>
 
and the habitual practice, on the other hand,<br/>
 
and the habitual practice, on the other hand,<br/>
of self-mortification, which is painful, useless and unprofitable. [5]<br/>
+
of [[self-mortification]], which is [[painful]], useless and unprofitable. [5]<br/>
 
<br/>
 
<br/>
"Neither abstinance from fish or flesh, nor going naked,<br/>
+
"Neither abstinance from {{Wiki|fish}} or flesh, nor going naked,<br/>
nor shaving the head, nor wearing matted hair,<br/>
+
nor shaving the head, nor wearing matted [[hair]],<br/>
 
nor dressing in a rough garment, nor covering oneself with dirt,<br/>
 
nor dressing in a rough garment, nor covering oneself with dirt,<br/>
nor sacrificing to Agni, will cleanse a man<br/>
+
nor sacrificing to [[Agni]], will cleanse a man<br/>
who is not free from delusions. [6]<br/>
+
who is not free from [[delusions]]. [6]<br/>
 
<br/>
 
<br/>
"Reading the Vedas, making offering to priests,<br/>
+
"Reading the [[Vedas]], making [[offering]] to {{Wiki|priests}},<br/>
or sacrifices to the gods, self-mortification by heat or cold,<br/>
+
or sacrifices to the [[gods]], [[self-mortification]] by heat or cold,<br/>
and many such penances performed for the sake of immortality,<br/>
+
and many such penances performed for the sake of [[immortality]],<br/>
these do not cleanse the man who is not free from delusions. [7]<br/>
+
these do not cleanse the man who is not free from [[delusions]]. [7]<br/>
 
<br/>
 
<br/>
"Anger, drunkenness, obstinacy, bigotry, deception, envy, self-praise,<br/>
+
"[[Anger]], drunkenness, obstinacy, bigotry, deception, [[envy]], self-praise,<br/>
disparaging others, superciliousness and evil intentions constitute uncleanness;<br/>
+
disparaging others, superciliousness and [[evil]] {{Wiki|intentions}} constitute uncleanness;<br/>
 
not verily the eating of flesh. [8]<br/>
 
not verily the eating of flesh. [8]<br/>
 
<br/>
 
<br/>
"A middle path, O bhikkhus,<br/>
+
"A [[middle path]], O [[bhikkhus]],<br/>
avoiding the two extremes, discovered by the Tathagata -<br/>
+
avoiding the [[two extremes]], discovered by the [[Tathagata]] -<br/>
a path which opens the eyes, and bestowes understanding,<br/>
+
a [[path]] which opens the [[eyes]], and bestowes [[understanding]],<br/>
which leads to peace of mind, to the higher wisdom,<br/>
+
which leads to [[peace]] of [[mind]], to the higher [[wisdom]],<br/>
to full enlightenment, to Nirvana! [9]<br/>
+
to full [[enlightenment]], to [[Nirvana]]! [9]<br/>
 
<br/>
 
<br/>
"What is that middle path, O bhikkhus,<br/>
+
"What is that [[middle path]], O [[bhikkhus]],<br/>
avoiding these two extremes, discovered by the Tathagata -<br/>
+
avoiding these [[two extremes]], discovered by the [[Tathagata]] -<br/>
that path which opens the eyes, and bestows understanding,<br/>
+
that [[path]] which opens the [[eyes]], and bestows [[understanding]],<br/>
which leads to peace of mind, to the higher wisdom, to full enlightenment, to Nirvana? [10]<br/>
+
which leads to [[peace]] of [[mind]], to the higher [[wisdom]], to full [[enlightenment]], to [[Nirvana]]? [10]<br/>
 
<br/>
 
<br/>
"Let me teach you, O bhikkhus, the middle path,<br/>
+
"Let me teach you, O [[bhikkhus]], the [[middle path]],<br/>
which keeps aloof from both extremes.<br/>
+
which keeps aloof from both [[extremes]].<br/>
By suffering, the emanciated devotee produces confusion and sickly thoughts in his mind.<br/>
+
By [[suffering]], the emanciated devotee produces {{Wiki|confusion}} and sickly [[thoughts]] in his [[mind]].<br/>
Mortification is not condusive even to worldly knowledge;<br/>
+
{{Wiki|Mortification}} is not condusive even to [[worldly]] [[knowledge]];<br/>
how much less to a triumph over the senses! [11]<br/>
+
how much less to a {{Wiki|triumph}} over the [[senses]]! [11]<br/>
 
<br/>
 
<br/>
"He who fills the lamp with water will not dispel the darkness,<br/>
+
"He who fills the [[lamp]] with [[water]] will not dispel the darkness,<br/>
and he who tries to light a fire with rotten wood will fail.<br/>
+
and he who tries to light a [[fire]] with rotten wood will fail.<br/>
And how can any one be free from self by leading a wretched life,<br/>
+
And how can any one be free from [[self]] by leading a wretched [[life]],<br/>
if he does not succeed in quenching the fires of lust,<br/>
+
if he does not succeed in quenching the fires of [[lust]],<br/>
if he still hankers after either worldly or heavenly pleasures.<br/>
+
if he still hankers after either [[worldly]] or [[heavenly]] [[pleasures]].<br/>
But he in whom self has become extinct is free form lust;<br/>
+
But he in whom [[self]] has become [[extinct]] is free [[form]] [[lust]];<br/>
he will desire neither worldly nor heavenly pleasures,<br/>
+
he will [[desire]] neither [[worldly]] nor [[heavenly]] [[pleasures]],<br/>
and the satisfaction of his natural wants will not defile him.<br/>
+
and the [[satisfaction]] of his natural wants will not defile him.<br/>
 
However, let him be moderate,<br/>
 
However, let him be moderate,<br/>
let him eat and drink according to the needs of the body. [12]<br/>
+
let him eat and drink according to the needs of the [[body]]. [12]<br/>
 
<br/>
 
<br/>
"Sensuality is enervating; the self-indulgent man is a slave to his passions,<br/>
+
"[[Sensuality]] is enervating; the self-indulgent man is a slave to his [[passions]],<br/>
 
and pleasure-seeking is degrading and vulgar. [13]<br/>
 
and pleasure-seeking is degrading and vulgar. [13]<br/>
 
<br/>
 
<br/>
"But to satisfy the necessities of life is not evil.<br/>
+
"But to satisfy the necessities of [[life]] is not [[evil]].<br/>
To keep the body in good health is a duty,<br/>
+
To keep the [[body]] in good health is a [[duty]],<br/>
for otherwise we shall not be able to trim the lamp of wisdom,<br/>
+
for otherwise we shall not be able to trim the [[lamp]] of [[wisdom]],<br/>
and keep our mind strong and clear.<br/>
+
and keep our [[mind]] strong and clear.<br/>
Water surrounds the lotus-flower,<br/>
+
[[Water]] surrounds the [[lotus-flower]],<br/>
 
but does not wet its petals. [14]<br/>
 
but does not wet its petals. [14]<br/>
 
<br/>
 
<br/>
"This is the middle path, O bhikkhus,<br/>
+
"This is the [[middle path]], O [[bhikkhus]],<br/>
that keeps aloof from both extremes." [15]<br/>
+
that keeps aloof from both [[extremes]]." [15]<br/>
 
<br/>
 
<br/>
And the Blessed One spoke kindly to his disciples,<br/>
+
And the [[Blessed One]] spoke kindly to his [[disciples]],<br/>
 
pitying them for their errors,<br/>
 
pitying them for their errors,<br/>
 
and pointing out the uselessness of their endeavours,<br/>
 
and pointing out the uselessness of their endeavours,<br/>
and the ice of ill-will that chilled their hearts<br/>
+
and the ice of [[ill-will]] that chilled their hearts<br/>
melted away under the gentle warmth of the Master's persuasion. [16]<br/>
+
melted away under the gentle warmth of the [[Master's]] {{Wiki|persuasion}}. [16]<br/>
 
<br/>
 
<br/>
Now the Blessed One set the wheel of the most excellent law rolling,<br/>
+
Now the [[Blessed One]] set the [[wheel]] of the most {{Wiki|excellent}} law rolling,<br/>
and he began to preach to the five bhikkhus,<br/>
+
and he began to {{Wiki|preach}} to the five [[bhikkhus]],<br/>
opening to them the gate of immortality,<br/>
+
opening to them the gate of [[immortality]],<br/>
and showing them the bliss of Nirvana. [17]<br/>
+
and showing them the [[bliss]] of [[Nirvana]]. [17]<br/>
 
<br/>
 
<br/>
The Buddha said: [18]<br/>
+
The [[Buddha]] said: [18]<br/>
 
<br/>
 
<br/>
"The spokes of the wheel are the rules of pure conduct:<br/>
+
"The spokes of the [[wheel]] are the rules of [[pure conduct]]:<br/>
 
justice is the uniformity of their length;<br/>
 
justice is the uniformity of their length;<br/>
wisdom is the tire;<br/>
+
[[wisdom]] is the tire;<br/>
 
modesty and thoughtfulness are the hub<br/>
 
modesty and thoughtfulness are the hub<br/>
in which the immovable axle of truth is fixed. [19]<br/>
+
in which the [[immovable]] axle of [[truth]] is fixed. [19]<br/>
 
<br/>
 
<br/>
"He who recognizes the existence of suffering,<br/>
+
"He who [[recognizes]] the [[existence]] of [[suffering]],<br/>
its cause, its remedy, and its cessation<br/>
+
its [[cause]], its remedy, and its [[cessation]]<br/>
has fathomed the four noble truths.<br/>
+
has fathomed the [[four noble truths]].<br/>
He will walk in the right path. [20]<br/>
+
He will walk in the right [[path]]. [20]<br/>
 
<br/>
 
<br/>
"Right views will be the torch to light his way.<br/>
+
"[[Right views]] will be the torch to light his way.<br/>
Right aspirations will be his guide.<br/>
+
[[Right aspirations]] will be his guide.<br/>
Right speech will be his dwelling-place on the road.<br/>
+
[[Right speech]] will be his dwelling-place on the road.<br/>
His gait will be straight, for it is right behaviour.<br/>
+
His gait will be straight, for it is right {{Wiki|behaviour}}.<br/>
His refreshments will be the right way of earning his livelihood.<br/>
+
His refreshments will be the right way of earning his [[livelihood]].<br/>
Right efforts will be his steps; right thoughts his breath;<br/>
+
Right efforts will be his steps; [[right thoughts]] his [[breath]];<br/>
and right contemplation will give him the peace that follows in his footprints. [21]<br/>
+
and right contemplation will give him the [[peace]] that follows in his footprints. [21]<br/>
 
<br/>
 
<br/>
"Now, this, O bhikkhus, is the noble truth concerning suffering: [22]<br/>
+
"Now, this, O [[bhikkhus]], is the [[noble truth]] concerning [[suffering]]: [22]<br/>
 
<br/>
 
<br/>
"Birth is attended with pain, decay is painful, disease is painful, death is painful.<br/>
+
"[[Birth]] is attended with [[pain]], [[decay]] is [[painful]], {{Wiki|disease}} is [[painful]], [[death]] is [[painful]].<br/>
Union with the unpleasant is painful, painful is separation from the pleasant,<br/>
+
Union with the [[unpleasant]] is [[painful]], [[painful]] is separation from the [[pleasant]],<br/>
and any craving that is unsatisfied, that too is painful.<br/>
+
and any [[craving]] that is unsatisfied, that too is [[painful]].<br/>
In brief, bodily conditions which spring from attachment are painful. [23]<br/>
+
In brief, [[bodily]] [[conditions]] which spring from [[attachment]] are [[painful]]. [23]<br/>
 
<br/>
 
<br/>
"This, then, O bhikkhus, is the noble truth concerning suffering. [24]<br/>
+
"This, then, O [[bhikkhus]], is the [[noble truth]] concerning [[suffering]]. [24]<br/>
 
<br/>
 
<br/>
"Now this, O bhikkhus, is the noble truth concerning the origin of suffering: [25]<br/>
+
"Now this, O [[bhikkhus]], is the [[noble truth]] concerning the origin of [[suffering]]: [25]<br/>
 
<br/>
 
<br/>
"Verily, it is that craving which causes the renewal of existences,<br/>
+
"Verily, it is that [[craving]] which [[causes]] the renewal of [[existences]],<br/>
accompanied by sensual delight, seeking satisfaction now here, now there,<br/>
+
accompanied by {{Wiki|sensual}} [[delight]], seeking [[satisfaction]] now here, now there,<br/>
the craving for the gratifiaction of the passions,<br/>
+
the [[craving]] for the gratifiaction of the [[passions]],<br/>
the craving for a future life,<br/>
+
the [[craving]] for a {{Wiki|future}} [[life]],<br/>
and the craving for happiness in this life. [26]<br/>
+
and the [[craving]] for [[happiness]] in this [[life]]. [26]<br/>
 
<br/>
 
<br/>
"This, then, O bhikkhus, is the noble truth concerning the origin of suffering. [27]<br/>
+
"This, then, O [[bhikkhus]], is the [[noble truth]] concerning the origin of [[suffering]]. [27]<br/>
 
<br/>
 
<br/>
"Now this, O bhikkhus, is the noble truth concerning the destruction of suffering: [28]<br/>
+
"Now this, O [[bhikkhus]], is the [[noble truth]] concerning the destruction of [[suffering]]: [28]<br/>
 
<br/>
 
<br/>
"Verily, it is the destruction, in which no passion remains, of this very thirst;<br/>
+
"Verily, it is the destruction, in which no [[passion]] remains, of this very [[thirst]];<br/>
it is the laying aside of, the being free from, the dwelling no longer upon this thirst. [29]<br/>
+
it is the laying aside of, the being free from, the dwelling no longer upon this [[thirst]]. [29]<br/>
 
<br/>
 
<br/>
"This, then, O bhikkhus, is the noble truth concerning the destruction of suffering. [30]<br/>
+
"This, then, O [[bhikkhus]], is the [[noble truth]] concerning the destruction of [[suffering]]. [30]<br/>
 
<br/>
 
<br/>
"Now this, O bhikkhus, is the noble truth concerning the way which leads to the destruction of sorrow.<br/>
+
"Now this, O [[bhikkhus]], is the [[noble truth]] concerning the way which leads to the destruction of [[sorrow]].<br/>
Verily! it is this noble eightfold path;<br/>
+
Verily! it is this [[noble eightfold path]];<br/>
 
that is to say: [31]<br/>
 
that is to say: [31]<br/>
 
<br/>
 
<br/>
:"Right views;<br/>
+
:"[[Right views]];<br/>
:right aspirations;<br/>
+
:[[right aspirations]];<br/>
:right speech;<br/>
+
:[[right speech]];<br/>
:right behaviour;<br/>
+
:right {{Wiki|behaviour}};<br/>
:right livelihood;<br/>
+
:[[right livelihood]];<br/>
:right effort;<br/>
+
:[[right effort]];<br/>
:right thoughts;<br/>
+
:[[right thoughts]];<br/>
 
:and right contemplation. [32]<br/>
 
:and right contemplation. [32]<br/>
 
<br/>
 
<br/>
"This, then, O bhikkhus, is the noble truth concerning the destruction of sorrow. [33]<br/>
+
"This, then, O [[bhikkhus]], is the [[noble truth]] concerning the destruction of [[sorrow]]. [33]<br/>
 
<br/>
 
<br/>
"By the practice of loving kindness I have attained liberation of heart,<br/>
+
"By the practice of [[loving kindness]] I have attained [[liberation]] of [[heart]],<br/>
and thus I am assured that I shall never return in renewed births.<br/>
+
and thus I am assured that I shall never return in renewed [[births]].<br/>
I have even now attained Nirvana." [34]<br/>
+
I have even now attained [[Nirvana]]." [34]<br/>
 
<br/>
 
<br/>
And the Blessed One had thus set the royal chariot-wheel of truth rolling onward,<br/>
+
And the [[Blessed One]] had thus set the {{Wiki|royal}} chariot-wheel of [[truth]] rolling onward,<br/>
a rapture thrilled through all the universes. [35]<br/>
+
a [[rapture]] thrilled through all the [[universes]]. [35]<br/>
 
<br/>
 
<br/>
The devas left their heavenly abodes to listen to the sweetness of the truth;<br/>
+
The [[devas]] left their [[heavenly]] [[abodes]] to listen to the sweetness of the [[truth]];<br/>
the saints that had parted from life crowded around the great teacher to receive the glad tidings;<br/>
+
the [[saints]] that had parted from [[life]] crowded around the [[great teacher]] to receive the glad tidings;<br/>
even the animals of the earth felt the bliss that rested upon the words of the Tathagata:<br/>
+
even the [[animals]] of the [[earth]] felt the [[bliss]] that rested upon the words of the [[Tathagata]]:<br/>
and all the creatures of the host of sentient beings, gods, men, and beasts,<br/>
+
and all the creatures of the host of [[sentient beings]], [[gods]], men, and {{Wiki|beasts}},<br/>
hearing the message of deliverance, received and understood it in their own language. [36]<br/>
+
hearing the message of [[deliverance]], received and understood it in their own [[language]]. [36]<br/>
 
<br/>
 
<br/>
And when the doctrine was propounded, the venerable Kondannya,<br/>
+
And when the [[doctrine]] was propounded, the [[venerable]] Kondannya,<br/>
the oldest one among the five bhikkhus,<br/>
+
the oldest one among the five [[bhikkhus]],<br/>
discerned the truth with his mental eye, and he said:<br/>
+
discerned the [[truth]] with his [[mental]] [[eye]], and he said:<br/>
"Truly, O Buddha, our Lord, thou hast found the truth!"<br/>
+
"Truly, O [[Buddha]], our [[Lord]], thou hast found the [[truth]]!"<br/>
Then the other bhikkhus too, joined him and exclaimed:<br/>
+
Then the other [[bhikkhus]] too, joined him and exclaimed:<br/>
"Truly, thou art the Buddha, thou hast found the truth." [37]<br/>
+
"Truly, thou [[art]] the [[Buddha]], thou hast found the [[truth]]." [37]<br/>
 
<br/>
 
<br/>
And the devas and saints and all the good spirits of the departed generations<br/>
+
And the [[devas]] and [[saints]] and all the good [[spirits]] of the departed generations<br/>
that had listened to the sermon of the Tathagata,<br/>
+
that had listened to the {{Wiki|sermon}} of the [[Tathagata]],<br/>
joyfully received the doctrine and shouted:<br/>
+
joyfully received the [[doctrine]] and shouted:<br/>
"Truly, the Blessed One has founded the kingdom of righteousness.<br/>
+
"Truly, the [[Blessed One]] has founded the {{Wiki|kingdom}} of [[righteousness]].<br/>
The Blessed One has moved the earth;<br/>
+
The [[Blessed One]] has moved the [[earth]];<br/>
he has set the wheel of Truth rolling,<br/>
+
he has set the [[wheel]] of [[Truth]] rolling,<br/>
which by no one in the universe, be he god or man,<br/>
+
which by no one in the [[universe]], be he [[god]] or man,<br/>
 
can ever be turned back.<br/>
 
can ever be turned back.<br/>
The kingdom of Truth will be preached upon earth;<br/>
+
The {{Wiki|kingdom}} of [[Truth]] will be {{Wiki|preached}} upon [[earth]];<br/>
it will spread; and righteousness, good-will, and peace<br/>
+
it will spread; and [[righteousness]], good-will, and [[peace]]<br/>
 
will reign among mankind." [38]<br/>
 
will reign among mankind." [38]<br/>
  

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On seeing their old teacher approach,
the five bhikkhus agreed among themselves not to salute him,
nor to address him as a master, but by his name only.
"For," so they said, "he has broken his vow and has abandoned holiness.
He is no bhikkhu but Gotama,
and Gotama has become a man who lives in abundance
and indulges in the pleasures of worldliness." [1]

But when the Blessed One approached in a dignified manner,
they involuntarily rose from their seats
and greeted him in spite of their resolution.
Still they called him by his name and addressed him as "friend Gotama." [2]

When they had thus received the Blessed One, he said:
"Do not call the Tathagata by his name
nor address him as 'friend,'
for he is the Buddha, the Holy One.
The Buddha looks with a kind heart equally on all living beings,
and they therefore call him 'father.'
To disrespect a father is wrong; to despise him, is wicked. [3]

"The Tathagata," the Buddha continued,
"does not seek salvation in austerities,
but neither does he for that reason indulge in worldly pleasures, nor live in abudance.
The Tathagata has found the middle path. [4]

"There are two extremes, O bhikkhus,
which the man who has given up the world ought not follow -
the habitual practice, on the one hand,
of self-indulgence which is unworthy, vain and fit only for the worldly-minded -
and the habitual practice, on the other hand,
of self-mortification, which is painful, useless and unprofitable. [5]

"Neither abstinance from fish or flesh, nor going naked,
nor shaving the head, nor wearing matted hair,
nor dressing in a rough garment, nor covering oneself with dirt,
nor sacrificing to Agni, will cleanse a man
who is not free from delusions. [6]

"Reading the Vedas, making offering to priests,
or sacrifices to the gods, self-mortification by heat or cold,
and many such penances performed for the sake of immortality,
these do not cleanse the man who is not free from delusions. [7]

"Anger, drunkenness, obstinacy, bigotry, deception, envy, self-praise,
disparaging others, superciliousness and evil intentions constitute uncleanness;
not verily the eating of flesh. [8]

"A middle path, O bhikkhus,
avoiding the two extremes, discovered by the Tathagata -
a path which opens the eyes, and bestowes understanding,
which leads to peace of mind, to the higher wisdom,
to full enlightenment, to Nirvana! [9]

"What is that middle path, O bhikkhus,
avoiding these two extremes, discovered by the Tathagata -
that path which opens the eyes, and bestows understanding,
which leads to peace of mind, to the higher wisdom, to full enlightenment, to Nirvana? [10]

"Let me teach you, O bhikkhus, the middle path,
which keeps aloof from both extremes.
By suffering, the emanciated devotee produces confusion and sickly thoughts in his mind.
Mortification is not condusive even to worldly knowledge;
how much less to a triumph over the senses! [11]

"He who fills the lamp with water will not dispel the darkness,
and he who tries to light a fire with rotten wood will fail.
And how can any one be free from self by leading a wretched life,
if he does not succeed in quenching the fires of lust,
if he still hankers after either worldly or heavenly pleasures.
But he in whom self has become extinct is free form lust;
he will desire neither worldly nor heavenly pleasures,
and the satisfaction of his natural wants will not defile him.
However, let him be moderate,
let him eat and drink according to the needs of the body. [12]

"Sensuality is enervating; the self-indulgent man is a slave to his passions,
and pleasure-seeking is degrading and vulgar. [13]

"But to satisfy the necessities of life is not evil.
To keep the body in good health is a duty,
for otherwise we shall not be able to trim the lamp of wisdom,
and keep our mind strong and clear.
Water surrounds the lotus-flower,
but does not wet its petals. [14]

"This is the middle path, O bhikkhus,
that keeps aloof from both extremes." [15]

And the Blessed One spoke kindly to his disciples,
pitying them for their errors,
and pointing out the uselessness of their endeavours,
and the ice of ill-will that chilled their hearts
melted away under the gentle warmth of the Master's persuasion. [16]

Now the Blessed One set the wheel of the most excellent law rolling,
and he began to preach to the five bhikkhus,
opening to them the gate of immortality,
and showing them the bliss of Nirvana. [17]

The Buddha said: [18]

"The spokes of the wheel are the rules of pure conduct:
justice is the uniformity of their length;
wisdom is the tire;
modesty and thoughtfulness are the hub
in which the immovable axle of truth is fixed. [19]

"He who recognizes the existence of suffering,
its cause, its remedy, and its cessation
has fathomed the four noble truths.
He will walk in the right path. [20]

"Right views will be the torch to light his way.
Right aspirations will be his guide.
Right speech will be his dwelling-place on the road.
His gait will be straight, for it is right behaviour.
His refreshments will be the right way of earning his livelihood.
Right efforts will be his steps; right thoughts his breath;
and right contemplation will give him the peace that follows in his footprints. [21]

"Now, this, O bhikkhus, is the noble truth concerning suffering: [22]

"Birth is attended with pain, decay is painful, disease is painful, death is painful.
Union with the unpleasant is painful, painful is separation from the pleasant,
and any craving that is unsatisfied, that too is painful.
In brief, bodily conditions which spring from attachment are painful. [23]

"This, then, O bhikkhus, is the noble truth concerning suffering. [24]

"Now this, O bhikkhus, is the noble truth concerning the origin of suffering: [25]

"Verily, it is that craving which causes the renewal of existences,
accompanied by sensual delight, seeking satisfaction now here, now there,
the craving for the gratifiaction of the passions,
the craving for a future life,
and the craving for happiness in this life. [26]

"This, then, O bhikkhus, is the noble truth concerning the origin of suffering. [27]

"Now this, O bhikkhus, is the noble truth concerning the destruction of suffering: [28]

"Verily, it is the destruction, in which no passion remains, of this very thirst;
it is the laying aside of, the being free from, the dwelling no longer upon this thirst. [29]

"This, then, O bhikkhus, is the noble truth concerning the destruction of suffering. [30]

"Now this, O bhikkhus, is the noble truth concerning the way which leads to the destruction of sorrow.
Verily! it is this noble eightfold path;
that is to say: [31]

"Right views;
right aspirations;
right speech;
right behaviour;
right livelihood;
right effort;
right thoughts;
and right contemplation. [32]


"This, then, O bhikkhus, is the noble truth concerning the destruction of sorrow. [33]

"By the practice of loving kindness I have attained liberation of heart,
and thus I am assured that I shall never return in renewed births.
I have even now attained Nirvana." [34]

And the Blessed One had thus set the royal chariot-wheel of truth rolling onward,
a rapture thrilled through all the universes. [35]

The devas left their heavenly abodes to listen to the sweetness of the truth;
the saints that had parted from life crowded around the great teacher to receive the glad tidings;
even the animals of the earth felt the bliss that rested upon the words of the Tathagata:
and all the creatures of the host of sentient beings, gods, men, and beasts,
hearing the message of deliverance, received and understood it in their own language. [36]

And when the doctrine was propounded, the venerable Kondannya,
the oldest one among the five bhikkhus,
discerned the truth with his mental eye, and he said:
"Truly, O Buddha, our Lord, thou hast found the truth!"
Then the other bhikkhus too, joined him and exclaimed:
"Truly, thou art the Buddha, thou hast found the truth." [37]

And the devas and saints and all the good spirits of the departed generations
that had listened to the sermon of the Tathagata,
joyfully received the doctrine and shouted:
"Truly, the Blessed One has founded the kingdom of righteousness.
The Blessed One has moved the earth;
he has set the wheel of Truth rolling,
which by no one in the universe, be he god or man,
can ever be turned back.
The kingdom of Truth will be preached upon earth;
it will spread; and righteousness, good-will, and peace
will reign among mankind." [38]

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