Difference between revisions of "The Theory of Karma"
Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
[[File:01284v h-korea.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | [[File:01284v h-korea.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | ||
<poem> | <poem> | ||
− | [[Karma]] is the law of [[moral]] [[causation]]. The {{Wiki|theory}} of [[Karma]] is a | + | [[Karma]] is the law of [[moral]] [[causation]]. The {{Wiki|theory}} of [[Karma]] is a [[fundamental doctrine in Buddhism]]. This [[belief]] was prevalent in [[India]] before the advent of the [[Buddha]]. Nevertheless, it was the [[Buddha]] who explained and formulated this [[doctrine]] in the complete [[form]] in which we have it today. |
[[File:Chin iests.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | [[File:Chin iests.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
What is the [[cause]] of the inequality that [[exists]] among mankind? | What is the [[cause]] of the inequality that [[exists]] among mankind? | ||
+ | |||
Why should one [[person]] be brought up in the lap of {{Wiki|luxury}}, endowed with fine [[mental]], [[moral]] and [[physical]] qualities, and another in [[absolute]] {{Wiki|poverty}}, steeped in [[misery]]? | Why should one [[person]] be brought up in the lap of {{Wiki|luxury}}, endowed with fine [[mental]], [[moral]] and [[physical]] qualities, and another in [[absolute]] {{Wiki|poverty}}, steeped in [[misery]]? | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
Why should one [[person]] be a [[mental]] prodigy, and another an idiot? | Why should one [[person]] be a [[mental]] prodigy, and another an idiot? | ||
Why should one [[person]] be born with saintly {{Wiki|characteristics}} and another with criminal {{Wiki|tendencies}}? | Why should one [[person]] be born with saintly {{Wiki|characteristics}} and another with criminal {{Wiki|tendencies}}? | ||
Line 11: | Line 16: | ||
Why should some be blessed, and others cursed from their [[births]]? | Why should some be blessed, and others cursed from their [[births]]? | ||
[[File:Chin 00.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | [[File:Chin 00.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
Either this inequality of mankind has a [[cause]], or it is purely accidental. No sensible [[person]] would think of attributing this unevenness, this inequality, and this diversity to [[blind]] chance or [[pure]] accident. | Either this inequality of mankind has a [[cause]], or it is purely accidental. No sensible [[person]] would think of attributing this unevenness, this inequality, and this diversity to [[blind]] chance or [[pure]] accident. | ||
[[File:014g1.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | [[File:014g1.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | ||
+ | |||
In this [[world]] [[nothing]] happens to a [[person]] that he does not for some [[reason]] or other deserve. Usually, men of ordinary {{Wiki|intellect}} cannot comprehend the actual [[reason]] or [[reasons]]. The definite {{Wiki|invisible}} [[cause]] or [[causes]] of the [[visible]] effect is not necessarily confined to the {{Wiki|present}} [[life]], they may be traced to a proximate or remote {{Wiki|past}} [[birth]]. | In this [[world]] [[nothing]] happens to a [[person]] that he does not for some [[reason]] or other deserve. Usually, men of ordinary {{Wiki|intellect}} cannot comprehend the actual [[reason]] or [[reasons]]. The definite {{Wiki|invisible}} [[cause]] or [[causes]] of the [[visible]] effect is not necessarily confined to the {{Wiki|present}} [[life]], they may be traced to a proximate or remote {{Wiki|past}} [[birth]]. | ||
[[File:Chin .jpg|thumb|250px|]] | [[File:Chin .jpg|thumb|250px|]] | ||
+ | |||
According to [[Buddhism]], this inequality is due not only to heredity, {{Wiki|environment}}, "{{Wiki|nature}} and nurture", but also to [[Karma]]. In other words, it is the result of our [[own]] {{Wiki|past}} [[actions]] and our [[own]] {{Wiki|present}} doings. We ourselves are responsible for our [[own]] [[happiness]] and [[misery]]. We create our [[own]] [[Heaven]]. We create our [[own]] [[Hell]]. We are the architects of our [[own]] [[fate]]. | According to [[Buddhism]], this inequality is due not only to heredity, {{Wiki|environment}}, "{{Wiki|nature}} and nurture", but also to [[Karma]]. In other words, it is the result of our [[own]] {{Wiki|past}} [[actions]] and our [[own]] {{Wiki|present}} doings. We ourselves are responsible for our [[own]] [[happiness]] and [[misery]]. We create our [[own]] [[Heaven]]. We create our [[own]] [[Hell]]. We are the architects of our [[own]] [[fate]]. | ||
[[File:03 Havc Bell.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | [[File:03 Havc Bell.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | ||
− | Perplexed by the seemingly inexplicable, apparent disparity that existed among [[humanity]], a young truth-seeker approached the [[Buddha]] and questioned him regarding this intricate problem of inequality: | + | |
+ | Perplexed by the seemingly inexplicable, apparent disparity that existed among [[humanity]], a young [[truth]]-seeker approached the [[Buddha]] and questioned him regarding this intricate problem of inequality: | ||
+ | |||
[[File:Cheng Tang.gif|thumb|250px|]] | [[File:Cheng Tang.gif|thumb|250px|]] | ||
"What is the [[cause]], what is the [[reason]], O [[Lord]]," questioned he, "that we find amongst mankind the short-lived and long-lived, the healthy and the diseased, the ugly and [[beautiful]], those lacking influence and the {{Wiki|powerful}}, the poor and the rich, the low-born and the high-born, and the [[ignorant]] and the [[wise]]?" | "What is the [[cause]], what is the [[reason]], O [[Lord]]," questioned he, "that we find amongst mankind the short-lived and long-lived, the healthy and the diseased, the ugly and [[beautiful]], those lacking influence and the {{Wiki|powerful}}, the poor and the rich, the low-born and the high-born, and the [[ignorant]] and the [[wise]]?" | ||
[[File:03gds.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | [[File:03gds.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | ||
The [[Buddha’s]] reply was: | The [[Buddha’s]] reply was: | ||
+ | |||
[[File:Koreandon.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | [[File:Koreandon.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | ||
"All [[living beings]] have [[actions]] ([[Karma]]) as their [[own]], their inheritance, their congenital [[cause]], their kinsman, their [[refuge]]. It is [[Karma]] that differentiates [[beings]] into low and high states." | "All [[living beings]] have [[actions]] ([[Karma]]) as their [[own]], their inheritance, their congenital [[cause]], their kinsman, their [[refuge]]. It is [[Karma]] that differentiates [[beings]] into low and high states." | ||
Line 27: | Line 39: | ||
He then explained the [[cause]] of such differences in accordance with the [[law of cause and effect]]. | He then explained the [[cause]] of such differences in accordance with the [[law of cause and effect]]. | ||
[[File:Koreandgsdzon.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | [[File:Koreandgsdzon.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | ||
+ | |||
Certainly we are born with [[Wikipedia:Heredity|hereditary]] {{Wiki|characteristics}}. At the same [[time]] we possess certain innate {{Wiki|abilities}} that [[science]] cannot adequately account for. To our [[parents]] we are indebted for the gross sperm and ovum that [[form]] the nucleus of this so-called {{Wiki|being}}. They remain dormant within each parent until this potential germinal compound is vitalized by the [[karmic]] [[energy]] needed for the production of the {{Wiki|foetus}}. [[Karma]] is therefore the indispensable conceptive [[cause]] of this {{Wiki|being}}. | Certainly we are born with [[Wikipedia:Heredity|hereditary]] {{Wiki|characteristics}}. At the same [[time]] we possess certain innate {{Wiki|abilities}} that [[science]] cannot adequately account for. To our [[parents]] we are indebted for the gross sperm and ovum that [[form]] the nucleus of this so-called {{Wiki|being}}. They remain dormant within each parent until this potential germinal compound is vitalized by the [[karmic]] [[energy]] needed for the production of the {{Wiki|foetus}}. [[Karma]] is therefore the indispensable conceptive [[cause]] of this {{Wiki|being}}. | ||
[[File:CH 4.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | [[File:CH 4.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | ||
+ | |||
The [[accumulated]] [[karmic]] {{Wiki|tendencies}}, inherited in the course of previous [[lives]], at times play a far [[greater]] role than the [[Wikipedia:Heredity|hereditary]] parental {{Wiki|cells}} and {{Wiki|genes}} in the formation of both [[physical]] and [[mental]] {{Wiki|characteristics}}. | The [[accumulated]] [[karmic]] {{Wiki|tendencies}}, inherited in the course of previous [[lives]], at times play a far [[greater]] role than the [[Wikipedia:Heredity|hereditary]] parental {{Wiki|cells}} and {{Wiki|genes}} in the formation of both [[physical]] and [[mental]] {{Wiki|characteristics}}. | ||
[[File:Koreancbnnanzon.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | [[File:Koreancbnnanzon.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | ||
+ | |||
The [[Buddha]], for instance, inherited, like every other [[person]], the {{Wiki|reproductive}} {{Wiki|cells}} and {{Wiki|genes}} from his [[parents]]. But {{Wiki|physically}}, {{Wiki|morally}} and intellectually there was none comparable to him in his long line of {{Wiki|Royal}} {{Wiki|ancestors}}. In the [[Buddha’s]] [[own]] words, he belonged not to the {{Wiki|Royal}} [[lineage]], but to that of the [[Aryan]] [[Buddhas]]. He was certainly a superman, an [[extraordinary]] creation of his [[own]] [[Karma]]. | The [[Buddha]], for instance, inherited, like every other [[person]], the {{Wiki|reproductive}} {{Wiki|cells}} and {{Wiki|genes}} from his [[parents]]. But {{Wiki|physically}}, {{Wiki|morally}} and intellectually there was none comparable to him in his long line of {{Wiki|Royal}} {{Wiki|ancestors}}. In the [[Buddha’s]] [[own]] words, he belonged not to the {{Wiki|Royal}} [[lineage]], but to that of the [[Aryan]] [[Buddhas]]. He was certainly a superman, an [[extraordinary]] creation of his [[own]] [[Karma]]. | ||
[[File:Korean-vbnanzon.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | [[File:Korean-vbnanzon.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | ||
+ | |||
According to the [[Lakkhana Sutta]] of [[Digha Nikaya]], the [[Buddha]] inherited [[exceptional]] {{Wiki|features}}, such as the 32 [[major marks]], as the result of his {{Wiki|past}} [[meritorious]] [[deeds]]. The [[ethical]] [[reason]] for acquiring each [[physical]] feature is clearly explained in the [[Sutta]]. | According to the [[Lakkhana Sutta]] of [[Digha Nikaya]], the [[Buddha]] inherited [[exceptional]] {{Wiki|features}}, such as the 32 [[major marks]], as the result of his {{Wiki|past}} [[meritorious]] [[deeds]]. The [[ethical]] [[reason]] for acquiring each [[physical]] feature is clearly explained in the [[Sutta]]. | ||
[[File:CFI-GhostPudu.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | [[File:CFI-GhostPudu.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | ||
It is obvious from this unique case that [[karmic]] {{Wiki|tendencies}} could not only influence our [[physical]] {{Wiki|organism}}, but also nullify the potentiality of the parental {{Wiki|cells}} and {{Wiki|genes}} – hence the significance of the [[Buddha’s]] enigmatic statement, - "We are the heirs of our [[own]] [[actions]]." | It is obvious from this unique case that [[karmic]] {{Wiki|tendencies}} could not only influence our [[physical]] {{Wiki|organism}}, but also nullify the potentiality of the parental {{Wiki|cells}} and {{Wiki|genes}} – hence the significance of the [[Buddha’s]] enigmatic statement, - "We are the heirs of our [[own]] [[actions]]." | ||
[[File:Korean-budds50.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | [[File:Korean-budds50.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | ||
+ | |||
Dealing with this problem of variation, the [[Atthasalini]], {{Wiki|being}} a commentary on the [[Abhidharma]], states: | Dealing with this problem of variation, the [[Atthasalini]], {{Wiki|being}} a commentary on the [[Abhidharma]], states: | ||
[[File:Cav 2.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | [[File:Cav 2.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | ||
+ | |||
"Depending on this difference in [[Karma]] appears the differences in the [[birth]] of [[beings]], high and low, base and [[exalted]], [[happy]] and [[miserable]]. Depending on the difference in [[Karma]] appears the difference in the {{Wiki|individual}} {{Wiki|features}} of [[beings]] as [[beautiful]] and ugly, high-born or low born, well-built or deformed. Depending on the difference in [[Karma]] appears the difference in [[worldly]] [[conditions]] of [[beings]], such as gain and loss, and disgrace, blame and praise, [[happiness]] and [[misery]]." | "Depending on this difference in [[Karma]] appears the differences in the [[birth]] of [[beings]], high and low, base and [[exalted]], [[happy]] and [[miserable]]. Depending on the difference in [[Karma]] appears the difference in the {{Wiki|individual}} {{Wiki|features}} of [[beings]] as [[beautiful]] and ugly, high-born or low born, well-built or deformed. Depending on the difference in [[Karma]] appears the difference in [[worldly]] [[conditions]] of [[beings]], such as gain and loss, and disgrace, blame and praise, [[happiness]] and [[misery]]." | ||
+ | |||
[[File:Korean-Bubnzon.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | [[File:Korean-Bubnzon.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | ||
Thus, from a [[Buddhist]] point of [[view]], our {{Wiki|present}} [[mental]], [[moral]] [[intellectual]] and temperamental differences are, for the most part, due to our [[own]] [[actions]] and {{Wiki|tendencies}}, both {{Wiki|past}} and {{Wiki|present}}. | Thus, from a [[Buddhist]] point of [[view]], our {{Wiki|present}} [[mental]], [[moral]] [[intellectual]] and temperamental differences are, for the most part, due to our [[own]] [[actions]] and {{Wiki|tendencies}}, both {{Wiki|past}} and {{Wiki|present}}. | ||
[[File:Cailun.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | [[File:Cailun.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | ||
+ | |||
Although [[Buddhism]] [[attributes]] this variation to [[Karma]], as {{Wiki|being}} the chief [[cause]] among a variety, it does not, however, assert that everything is due to [[Karma]]. The law of [[Karma]], important as it is, is only one of the twenty-four [[conditions]] described in [[Buddhist Philosophy]]. | Although [[Buddhism]] [[attributes]] this variation to [[Karma]], as {{Wiki|being}} the chief [[cause]] among a variety, it does not, however, assert that everything is due to [[Karma]]. The law of [[Karma]], important as it is, is only one of the twenty-four [[conditions]] described in [[Buddhist Philosophy]]. | ||
[[File:Korean-b 872.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | [[File:Korean-b 872.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | ||
Refuting the erroneous [[view]] that "whatsoever [[fortune]] or misfortune [[experienced]] is all due to some previous [[action]]", the [[Buddha]] said: | Refuting the erroneous [[view]] that "whatsoever [[fortune]] or misfortune [[experienced]] is all due to some previous [[action]]", the [[Buddha]] said: | ||
[[File:Koreahh0ba.JPG|thumb|250px|]] | [[File:Koreahh0ba.JPG|thumb|250px|]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
"So, then, according to this [[view]], owing to previous [[action]] men will become murderers, thieves, unchaste, liars, slanderers, covetous, malicious and perverts. Thus, for those who fall back on the former [[deeds]] as the [[essential]] [[reason]], there is neither the [[desire]] to do, nor [[effort]] to do, nor necessity to do this [[deed]], or abstain from this [[deed]]." | "So, then, according to this [[view]], owing to previous [[action]] men will become murderers, thieves, unchaste, liars, slanderers, covetous, malicious and perverts. Thus, for those who fall back on the former [[deeds]] as the [[essential]] [[reason]], there is neither the [[desire]] to do, nor [[effort]] to do, nor necessity to do this [[deed]], or abstain from this [[deed]]." | ||
[[File:C6bc5.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | [[File:C6bc5.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | ||
− | It was this important text, which states the [[belief]] that all [[physical]] circumstances and [[mental]] attitudes spring solely from {{Wiki|past}} [[Karma]] that [[Buddha]] contradicted. If the {{Wiki|present}} [[life]] is totally [[conditioned]] or wholly controlled by our {{Wiki|past}} [[actions]], then certainly [[Karma]] is tantamount to {{Wiki|fatalism}} or [[determinism]] or predestination. If this were true, [[free will]] would be an absurdity. [[Life]] would be purely mechanistic, not much different from a machine. {{Wiki|Being}} created by an Almighty [[God]] who controls our destinies and predetermines our {{Wiki|future}}, or {{Wiki|being}} produced by an {{Wiki|irresistible}} [[Karma]] that completely determines our [[fate]] and controls our life’s course, {{Wiki|independent}} of any free [[action]] on our part, is [[essentially]] the same. The only difference lies in the two words [[God]] and [[Karma]]. One could easily be substituted for the other, because the [[ultimate]] operation of both forces would be [[identical]]. | + | |
+ | It was this important text, which states the [[belief]] that all [[physical]] circumstances and [[mental]] attitudes spring solely from {{Wiki|past}} [[Karma]] that [[Buddha]] contradicted. If the {{Wiki|present}} [[life]] is totally [[conditioned]] or wholly controlled by our {{Wiki|past}} [[actions]], then certainly [[Karma]] is tantamount to {{Wiki|fatalism}} or [[determinism]] or predestination. If this were true, [[free will]] would be an absurdity. | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Life]] would be purely mechanistic, not much different from a machine. {{Wiki|Being}} created by an Almighty [[God]] who controls our destinies and predetermines our {{Wiki|future}}, or {{Wiki|being}} produced by an {{Wiki|irresistible}} [[Karma]] that completely determines our [[fate]] and controls our life’s course, {{Wiki|independent}} of any free [[action]] on our part, is [[essentially]] the same. The only difference lies in the two words [[God]] and [[Karma]]. One could easily be substituted for the other, because the [[ultimate]] operation of both forces would be [[identical]]. | ||
[[File:Koreagdue-01.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | [[File:Koreagdue-01.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | ||
+ | |||
Such a fatalistic [[doctrine]] is not the [[Buddhist]] law of [[Karma]]. | Such a fatalistic [[doctrine]] is not the [[Buddhist]] law of [[Karma]]. | ||
[[File:C285w-F.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | [[File:C285w-F.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | ||
According to [[Buddhism]], there are five orders or {{Wiki|processes}} ([[niyama]]) which operate in the [[physical]] and [[mental]] [[realms]]. | According to [[Buddhism]], there are five orders or {{Wiki|processes}} ([[niyama]]) which operate in the [[physical]] and [[mental]] [[realms]]. | ||
[[File:C0b6c.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | [[File:C0b6c.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | ||
+ | |||
They are: | They are: | ||
+ | |||
[[File:Koreafnuddha.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | [[File:Koreafnuddha.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | ||
[[Utu Niyama]] - [[physical]] [[inorganic]] [[order]], e.g. seasonal [[phenomena]] of [[winds]] and rains. The unerring [[order]] of seasons, [[characteristic]] seasonal changes and events, [[causes]] of [[winds]] and rains, {{Wiki|nature}} of {{Wiki|heat}}, etc., all belong to this group. | [[Utu Niyama]] - [[physical]] [[inorganic]] [[order]], e.g. seasonal [[phenomena]] of [[winds]] and rains. The unerring [[order]] of seasons, [[characteristic]] seasonal changes and events, [[causes]] of [[winds]] and rains, {{Wiki|nature}} of {{Wiki|heat}}, etc., all belong to this group. | ||
+ | |||
[[Bija Niyama]] - [[order of germs]] and [[seeds]] ([[physical organic order]]), e.g. {{Wiki|rice}} produced from rice-seed, sugary {{Wiki|taste}} from sugar-cane or [[honey]], peculiar {{Wiki|characteristics}} of certain [[fruits]], etc. The [[scientific]] {{Wiki|theory}} of {{Wiki|cells}} and {{Wiki|genes}} and the [[physical]] similarity of twins may be ascribed to this [[order]]. | [[Bija Niyama]] - [[order of germs]] and [[seeds]] ([[physical organic order]]), e.g. {{Wiki|rice}} produced from rice-seed, sugary {{Wiki|taste}} from sugar-cane or [[honey]], peculiar {{Wiki|characteristics}} of certain [[fruits]], etc. The [[scientific]] {{Wiki|theory}} of {{Wiki|cells}} and {{Wiki|genes}} and the [[physical]] similarity of twins may be ascribed to this [[order]]. | ||
+ | |||
[[File:Buddism 14172.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | [[File:Buddism 14172.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | ||
− | [[Karma | + | [[Karma Niyama]] - [[order of act and result]], e.g., desirable and undesirable acts produce corresponding [[good and bad]] results. As surely as [[water]] seeks its [[own]] level so does [[Karma]], given opportunity, produce its inevitable result, not in the [[form]] of a reward or {{Wiki|punishment}} but as an innate sequence. This sequence of [[deed]] and effect is as natural and necessary as the way of the {{Wiki|sun}} and the [[moon]]. |
+ | |||
[[Dhamma Niyama]] - [[order of the norm]], e.g., the natural [[phenomena]] occurring at the advent of a [[Bodhisattva]] in his last [[birth]]. Gravitation and other similar laws of {{Wiki|nature}}. The natural [[reason]] for {{Wiki|being}} good and so forth, may be included in this group. | [[Dhamma Niyama]] - [[order of the norm]], e.g., the natural [[phenomena]] occurring at the advent of a [[Bodhisattva]] in his last [[birth]]. Gravitation and other similar laws of {{Wiki|nature}}. The natural [[reason]] for {{Wiki|being}} good and so forth, may be included in this group. | ||
− | |||
− | + | [[Citta Niyama]] - [[order]] or [[mind]] or [[psychic law]], e.g., [[processes of consciousness]], [[arising]] and perishing of [[consciousness]], constituents of [[consciousness]], [[power of mind]], etc., including {{Wiki|telepathy}}, [[telaesthesia]], [[retro-cognition]], [[premonition]], {{Wiki|clairvoyance}}, [[thought-reading]] and such other [[psychic]] [[phenomena]] which are inexplicable to {{Wiki|modern}} [[science]]. | |
− | |||
− | What is [[Karma]]? | + | Every [[mental]] or [[physical phenomenon]] could be explained by these all-embracing five orders or {{Wiki|processes}} which are laws in themselves. [[Karma]] as such is only one of these five orders. Like all other [[natural laws]] they demand no lawgiver. |
+ | |||
+ | Of these five, the [[physical]] [[inorganic]] [[order]] and the [[order of the norm]] are more or less mechanistic, though they can be controlled to some extent by [[human]] ingenuity and the [[power of mind]]. For example, [[fire]] normally burns, and extreme cold freezes, but man has walked scathe-less over [[fire]] and [[meditated]] naked on [[Himalayan]] snows; | ||
+ | |||
+ | horticulturists have worked marvels with [[flowers]] and [[fruits]]; [[Yogis]] have performed [[levitation]]. [[Psychic law]] is equally mechanistic, but [[Buddhist]] {{Wiki|training}} aims at [[control of mind]], which is possible by [[right understanding]] and [[skilful]] [[volition]]. | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Karma law]] operates quite automatically and, when the [[Karma]] is {{Wiki|powerful}}, man cannot interfere with its inexorable result though he may [[desire]] to do so; but here also [[right understanding]] and [[skilful]] [[volition]] can [[accomplish]] much and mould the {{Wiki|future}}. [[Good Karma]], persisted in, can thwart the reaping of [[bad Karma]], or as some {{Wiki|Western}} [[scholars]] prefer to say ‘[[action]] influence’, is certainly an intricate law whose working is fully comprehended only by a [[Buddha]]. The [[Buddhist]] aims at the final destruction of all [[Karma]]. | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | ===What is [[Karma]]?=== | ||
+ | |||
The [[Pali]] term [[Karma]] literally means [[action]] or doing. Any kind of intentional [[action]] whether [[mental]], [[verbal]], or [[physical]], is regarded as [[Karma]]. It covers all that is included in the [[phrase]] "[[thought]], [[word]] and [[deed]]". Generally {{Wiki|speaking}}, all [[good and bad]] [[action]] constitutes [[Karma]]. In its [[ultimate]] [[sense]] [[Karma]] means all [[moral]] and {{Wiki|immoral}} [[volition]]. Involuntary, unintentional or [[unconscious]] [[actions]], though technically [[deeds]], do not constitute [[Karma]], because [[volition]], the most important factor in determining [[Karma]], is absent. | The [[Pali]] term [[Karma]] literally means [[action]] or doing. Any kind of intentional [[action]] whether [[mental]], [[verbal]], or [[physical]], is regarded as [[Karma]]. It covers all that is included in the [[phrase]] "[[thought]], [[word]] and [[deed]]". Generally {{Wiki|speaking}}, all [[good and bad]] [[action]] constitutes [[Karma]]. In its [[ultimate]] [[sense]] [[Karma]] means all [[moral]] and {{Wiki|immoral}} [[volition]]. Involuntary, unintentional or [[unconscious]] [[actions]], though technically [[deeds]], do not constitute [[Karma]], because [[volition]], the most important factor in determining [[Karma]], is absent. | ||
The [[Buddha]] says: | The [[Buddha]] says: | ||
+ | |||
"I declare, O [[Bhikkhus]], that [[volition]] is [[Karma]]. Having willed one acts by [[body]], [[speech]], and [[thought]]." ([[Anguttara Nikaya]]) | "I declare, O [[Bhikkhus]], that [[volition]] is [[Karma]]. Having willed one acts by [[body]], [[speech]], and [[thought]]." ([[Anguttara Nikaya]]) | ||
− | Every [[volitional | + | Every [[volitional action]] of {{Wiki|individuals}}, save those of [[Buddhas]] and [[Arahants]], is called [[Karma]]. The exception made in their case is because they are delivered from both [[good and evil]]; they have eradicated [[ignorance]] and [[craving]], the [[roots]] of [[Karma]]. |
− | "Destroyed are their germinal [[seeds]] ([[Khina bija]]); [[selfish]] [[desires]] no longer grow," states the [[Ratana Sutta]] of [[Sutta nipata]]. | + | "Destroyed are their germinal [[seeds]] ([[Khina bija]]) |
+ | |||
+ | ; [[selfish]] [[desires]] no longer grow," states the [[Ratana Sutta]] of [[Sutta nipata]]. | ||
This does not mean that the [[Buddha]] and [[Arahantas]] are passive. They are tirelessly active in working for the {{Wiki|real}} well {{Wiki|being}} and [[happiness]] of all. Their [[deeds]] ordinarily accepted as good or [[moral]], lack creative [[power]] as regards themselves. [[Understanding]] things as they truly are, they have finally shattered their [[cosmic]] [[fetters]] – the chain of [[cause and effect]]. | This does not mean that the [[Buddha]] and [[Arahantas]] are passive. They are tirelessly active in working for the {{Wiki|real}} well {{Wiki|being}} and [[happiness]] of all. Their [[deeds]] ordinarily accepted as good or [[moral]], lack creative [[power]] as regards themselves. [[Understanding]] things as they truly are, they have finally shattered their [[cosmic]] [[fetters]] – the chain of [[cause and effect]]. | ||
[[Karma]] does not necessarily mean {{Wiki|past}} [[actions]]. It embraces both {{Wiki|past}} and {{Wiki|present}} [[deeds]]. Hence in one [[sense]], we are the result of what we were; we will be the result of what we are. In another [[sense]], it should be added, we are not totally the result of what we were; we will not absolutely be the result of what we are. The {{Wiki|present}} is no [[doubt]] the offspring of the {{Wiki|past}} and is the {{Wiki|present}} of the {{Wiki|future}}, but the {{Wiki|present}} is not always a true index of either the {{Wiki|past}} or the {{Wiki|future}}; so complex is the working of [[Karma]]. | [[Karma]] does not necessarily mean {{Wiki|past}} [[actions]]. It embraces both {{Wiki|past}} and {{Wiki|present}} [[deeds]]. Hence in one [[sense]], we are the result of what we were; we will be the result of what we are. In another [[sense]], it should be added, we are not totally the result of what we were; we will not absolutely be the result of what we are. The {{Wiki|present}} is no [[doubt]] the offspring of the {{Wiki|past}} and is the {{Wiki|present}} of the {{Wiki|future}}, but the {{Wiki|present}} is not always a true index of either the {{Wiki|past}} or the {{Wiki|future}}; so complex is the working of [[Karma]]. | ||
+ | |||
It is this [[doctrine]] of [[Karma]] that the mother teaches her child when she says "Be good and you will be [[happy]] and we will [[love]] you; but if you are bad, you will be [[unhappy]] and we will not [[love]] you." In short, [[Karma]] is the [[law of cause and effect]] in the [[ethical]] [[realm]]. | It is this [[doctrine]] of [[Karma]] that the mother teaches her child when she says "Be good and you will be [[happy]] and we will [[love]] you; but if you are bad, you will be [[unhappy]] and we will not [[love]] you." In short, [[Karma]] is the [[law of cause and effect]] in the [[ethical]] [[realm]]. | ||
− | |||
− | [[Karma | + | ===[[Karma and Vipaka]]=== |
− | |||
− | As [[Karma]] may be good or bad, so may [[Vipaka]], - the fruit – is good or bad. As [[Karma]] is [[mental]] so [[Vipaka]] is [[mental]] (of the [[mind]]). It is [[experienced]] as [[happiness]], [[bliss]], [[unhappiness]] or [[misery]], according to the {{Wiki|nature}} of the [[Karma]] seed. [[Anisamsa]] are the [[concomitant]] advantages – {{Wiki|material}} things such as {{Wiki|prosperity}}, [[health]] and longevity. When [[Vipaka’s]] [[concomitant]] {{Wiki|material}} things are disadvantageous, they are known as [[Adinaya]], full of wretchedness, and appear as {{Wiki|poverty}}, ugliness, {{Wiki|disease}}, short [[life-span]] and so forth. | + | [[Karma]] is [[action]], and [[Vipaka]], [[fruit]] or [[result]], is its {{Wiki|reaction}}. |
+ | |||
+ | Just as every [[object]] is accompanied by a shadow, even so every [[volitional]] [[activity]] is inevitably accompanied by its due effect. [[Karma]] is like potential seed: | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Vipaka]] could be likened to the fruit [[arising]] from the [[tree]] – the effect or result. [[Anisamsa]] and [[Adinaya]] are the leaves, [[flowers]] and so forth that correspond to {{Wiki|external}} differences such as [[health]], [[sickness]] and {{Wiki|poverty}} – these are inevitable {{Wiki|consequences}}, which happen at the same [[time]]. Strictly {{Wiki|speaking}}, both [[Karma]] and [[Vipaka]] pertain to the [[mind]]. | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | As [[Karma]] may be good or bad, so may [[Vipaka]], - the [[fruit]] – is good or bad. As [[Karma]] is [[mental]] so [[Vipaka]] is [[mental]] (of the [[mind]]). It is [[experienced]] as [[happiness]], [[bliss]], [[unhappiness]] or [[misery]], according to the {{Wiki|nature}} of the [[Karma]] seed. [[Anisamsa]] are the [[concomitant]] advantages – {{Wiki|material}} things such as {{Wiki|prosperity}}, [[health]] and longevity. When [[Vipaka’s]] [[concomitant]] {{Wiki|material}} things are disadvantageous, they are known as [[Adinaya]], full of wretchedness, and appear as {{Wiki|poverty}}, ugliness, {{Wiki|disease}}, short [[life-span]] and so forth. | ||
+ | |||
As we sow, we reap somewhere and sometime, in his [[life]] or in a {{Wiki|future}} [[birth]]. What we reap today is what we have sown either in the {{Wiki|present}} or in the {{Wiki|past}}. | As we sow, we reap somewhere and sometime, in his [[life]] or in a {{Wiki|future}} [[birth]]. What we reap today is what we have sown either in the {{Wiki|present}} or in the {{Wiki|past}}. | ||
+ | |||
The [[Samyutta Nikaya]] states: | The [[Samyutta Nikaya]] states: | ||
Line 107: | Line 157: | ||
[[Karma]] is a law in itself, which operates in its [[own]] field without the intervention of any {{Wiki|external}}, {{Wiki|independent}} ruling agency. | [[Karma]] is a law in itself, which operates in its [[own]] field without the intervention of any {{Wiki|external}}, {{Wiki|independent}} ruling agency. | ||
− | |||
− | + | [[Happiness]] and [[misery]], which are the common lot of [[humanity]], are the inevitable effects of [[causes]]. From a [[Buddhist]] point of [[view]], they are not rewards and punishments, assigned by a [[supernatural]], [[omniscient]] ruling [[power]] to a [[soul]] that has done good or [[evil]]. Theists, who attempt to explain everything in this and {{Wiki|temporal}} [[life]] and in the [[eternal]] {{Wiki|future}} [[life]], ignoring a {{Wiki|past}}, believe in a ‘postmortem’ justice, and may regard {{Wiki|present}} [[happiness]] and [[misery]] as [[blessings]] and curses conferred on His creation by an [[omniscient]] and omnipotent [[Divine]] [[Ruler]] who sits in [[heaven]] above controlling the destinies of the [[human]] race. | |
+ | |||
+ | [[Buddhism]], which emphatically denies such an Almighty, All [[merciful]] [[God]]-Creator and an {{Wiki|arbitrarily}} created [[immortal]] [[soul]], believes in {{Wiki|natural law}} and justice which cannot be suspended by either an Almighty [[God]] or an All-compassionate [[Buddha]]. According to this {{Wiki|natural law}}, acts bear their [[own]] rewards and punishments to the {{Wiki|individual}} doer whether [[human]] justice finds out or not. | ||
+ | |||
− | + | There are some who criticize thus: "So, you [[Buddhists]], too, administer capitalistic {{Wiki|opium}} to the [[people]], saying: "You are born poor in this [[life]] on account of your {{Wiki|past}} [[evil karma]]. He is born rich on account of his [[good Karma]]. So, be satisfied with your [[humble]] lot; but do good to be rich in your next [[life]]. You are {{Wiki|being}} oppressed now because of your {{Wiki|past}} [[evil Karma]]. There is your [[destiny]]. Be [[humble]] and bear your [[sufferings]] patiently. Do good now. You can be certain of a better and [[happier]] [[life]] after [[death]]." | |
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | The [[Buddhist doctrine of Karma]] does not expound such ridiculous [[fatalistic]] [[views]]. Nor does it vindicate a postmortem justice. The All-Merciful [[Buddha]], who had no ulterior [[selfish]] motives, did not teach this [[law of Karma]] to {{Wiki|protect}} the rich and {{Wiki|comfort}} the poor by [[promising]] [[illusory]] [[happiness]] in an [[after-life]]. | ||
While we are born to a [[state]] created by ourselves, yet by our [[own]] self-directed efforts there is every possibility for us to create new, [[favourable]] environments even here and now. Not only individually, but also, collectively, we are at liberty to create fresh [[Karma]] that leads either towards our progress or downfall in this very [[life]]. | While we are born to a [[state]] created by ourselves, yet by our [[own]] self-directed efforts there is every possibility for us to create new, [[favourable]] environments even here and now. Not only individually, but also, collectively, we are at liberty to create fresh [[Karma]] that leads either towards our progress or downfall in this very [[life]]. | ||
− | According to the [[Buddhist doctrine | + | |
+ | According to the [[Buddhist doctrine of Karma]], one is not always compelled by an ‘{{Wiki|iron}} necessity’, for [[Karma]] is neither [[fate]], nor predestination imposed upon us by some mysterious unknown [[power]] to which we must helplessly submit ourselves. It is one’s [[own]] doing reacting on oneself, and so one has the possibility to divert the course of one’s [[Karma]] to some extent. How far one diverts it depends on oneself. | ||
Is one [[bound]] to reap all that one has sown in just proportion? | Is one [[bound]] to reap all that one has sown in just proportion? | ||
+ | |||
The [[Buddha]] provides an answer: | The [[Buddha]] provides an answer: | ||
+ | |||
"If anyone says that a man or woman must reap in this [[life]] according to his {{Wiki|present}} [[deeds]], in that case there is no [[religious]] [[life]], nor is an opportunity afforded for the entire [[extinction]] of [[sorrow]]. But if anyone says that what a man or woman reaps in this and {{Wiki|future}} [[lives]] accords with his or her [[deeds]] {{Wiki|present}} and {{Wiki|past}}, in that case there is a [[religious]] [[life]], and an opportunity is afforded for the entire [[extinction]] of a [[sorrow]]." ([[Anguttara Nikaya]]) | "If anyone says that a man or woman must reap in this [[life]] according to his {{Wiki|present}} [[deeds]], in that case there is no [[religious]] [[life]], nor is an opportunity afforded for the entire [[extinction]] of [[sorrow]]. But if anyone says that what a man or woman reaps in this and {{Wiki|future}} [[lives]] accords with his or her [[deeds]] {{Wiki|present}} and {{Wiki|past}}, in that case there is a [[religious]] [[life]], and an opportunity is afforded for the entire [[extinction]] of a [[sorrow]]." ([[Anguttara Nikaya]]) | ||
Line 125: | Line 183: | ||
Although it is stated in the [[Dhammapada]] that "not in the sky, nor in mid-ocean, or entering a mountain {{Wiki|cave}} is found that place on [[earth]] where one may escape from (the {{Wiki|consequences}} of) an [[evil]] [[deed]]", yet one is not [[bound]] to pay all the {{Wiki|past}} arrears of one’s [[Karma]]. If such were the case [[emancipation]] would be impossibility. [[Eternal]] recurrence would be the unfortunate result. | Although it is stated in the [[Dhammapada]] that "not in the sky, nor in mid-ocean, or entering a mountain {{Wiki|cave}} is found that place on [[earth]] where one may escape from (the {{Wiki|consequences}} of) an [[evil]] [[deed]]", yet one is not [[bound]] to pay all the {{Wiki|past}} arrears of one’s [[Karma]]. If such were the case [[emancipation]] would be impossibility. [[Eternal]] recurrence would be the unfortunate result. | ||
− | |||
− | [[Ignorance]] ([[avijja]]), or not [[knowing]] things as they truly are, is the chief [[cause]] of [[Karma]]. Dependent on [[ignorance]] arise [[activities]] ([[avijja | + | What is the [[cause of Karma]]? |
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | [[Ignorance]] ([[avijja]]), or not [[knowing]] things as they truly are, is the chief [[cause]] of [[Karma]]. Dependent on [[ignorance]] arise [[activities]] ([[avijja paccaya samkhara]]) states the [[Buddha]] in the [[Paticca Samuppada]] ([[Dependent Origination]]). | ||
+ | |||
+ | Associated with [[ignorance]] is the ally [[craving]] ([[tanha]]), the other [[root]] of [[Karma]]. [[Evil]] [[actions]] are [[conditioned]] by these two [[causes]]. All [[good deeds]] of a [[worldling]] ([[putthujana]]), though associated with the three [[wholesome]] [[roots]] of [[generosity]] ([[alobha]]), [[goodwill]] ([[adosa]]) and [[knowledge]] ([[amoha]]), are nevertheless regarded as [[Karma]] because the two [[roots]] of [[ignorance]] and [[craving]] are dormant in him. The [[moral]] types of [[Supramundane Path]] [[Consciousness]] ([[magga citta]]) are not regarded as [[Karma]] because they tend to eradicate the two [[root causes]]. | ||
− | |||
Who is the doer of [[Karma]]? | Who is the doer of [[Karma]]? | ||
Who reaps the fruit of [[Karma]]? | Who reaps the fruit of [[Karma]]? | ||
Does [[Karma]] mould a [[soul]]? | Does [[Karma]] mould a [[soul]]? | ||
+ | |||
In answering these {{Wiki|subtle}} questions, the [[Venerable]] [[Buddhaghosa]] writes in the [[Visuddhi Magga]]: | In answering these {{Wiki|subtle}} questions, the [[Venerable]] [[Buddhaghosa]] writes in the [[Visuddhi Magga]]: | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
"No doer is there who does the [[deed]]; | "No doer is there who does the [[deed]]; | ||
Line 141: | Line 205: | ||
Constituent parts alone roll on; | Constituent parts alone roll on; | ||
This indeed! Is right [[discernment]]." | This indeed! Is right [[discernment]]." | ||
+ | |||
For instance, the table we see is apparent [[reality]]. In an [[ultimate]] [[sense]] the so-called table consists of forces and qualities. | For instance, the table we see is apparent [[reality]]. In an [[ultimate]] [[sense]] the so-called table consists of forces and qualities. | ||
Line 147: | Line 212: | ||
In this same way, for {{Wiki|conventional}} purposes, such terms as man, woman, {{Wiki|being}}, [[self]], and so forth are used. The so-called fleeting [[forms]] consist of {{Wiki|psychophysical}} [[phenomena]], which are constantly changing not remaining the same for two consecutive moments. | In this same way, for {{Wiki|conventional}} purposes, such terms as man, woman, {{Wiki|being}}, [[self]], and so forth are used. The so-called fleeting [[forms]] consist of {{Wiki|psychophysical}} [[phenomena]], which are constantly changing not remaining the same for two consecutive moments. | ||
+ | |||
[[Buddhists]], therefore, do not believe in an [[unchanging]] {{Wiki|entity}}, in an actor apart from [[action]], in a {{Wiki|perceiver}} apart from [[perception]], in a [[conscious subject]] behind [[consciousness]]. | [[Buddhists]], therefore, do not believe in an [[unchanging]] {{Wiki|entity}}, in an actor apart from [[action]], in a {{Wiki|perceiver}} apart from [[perception]], in a [[conscious subject]] behind [[consciousness]]. | ||
Line 154: | Line 220: | ||
[[Volition]], or Will ([[tetana]]), is itself the doer, [[Feeling]] ([[vedana]]) is itself the reaper of the [[fruits]] of [[actions]]. Apart from these [[pure]] [[mental states]] ([[suddhadhamma]]) there is no-one to sow and no-one to reap. | [[Volition]], or Will ([[tetana]]), is itself the doer, [[Feeling]] ([[vedana]]) is itself the reaper of the [[fruits]] of [[actions]]. Apart from these [[pure]] [[mental states]] ([[suddhadhamma]]) there is no-one to sow and no-one to reap. | ||
− | + | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===[[Classification of Karma]]=== | ||
+ | |||
(A) With [[respect]] to different {{Wiki|functions}}, [[Karma]] is classified into four kinds: | (A) With [[respect]] to different {{Wiki|functions}}, [[Karma]] is classified into four kinds: | ||
− | 1. | + | |
+ | |||
+ | 1.===[[REPRODUCTIVE KARMA]]=== | ||
+ | |||
Every [[birth]] is [[conditioned]] by a {{Wiki|past}} good or bad [[karma]], which predominated at the [[moment]] of [[death]]. [[Karma]] that [[conditions]] the {{Wiki|future}} [[birth]] is called {{Wiki|Reproductive}} [[Karma]]. The [[death]] of a [[person]] is merely ‘a {{Wiki|temporary}} end of a {{Wiki|temporary}} [[phenomenon]]’. Though the {{Wiki|present}} [[form]] perishes, another [[form]] which is neither the same nor absolutely different takes its place, according to the potential thought-vibration generated at the [[death]] [[moment]], because the [[Karmic]] force which propels the life-flux still survives. It is this last [[thought]], which is technically called {{Wiki|Reproductive}} ([[janaka]]) [[Karma]], that determines the [[state]] of a [[person]] in his subsequent [[birth]]. This may be either a good or bad [[Karma]]. | Every [[birth]] is [[conditioned]] by a {{Wiki|past}} good or bad [[karma]], which predominated at the [[moment]] of [[death]]. [[Karma]] that [[conditions]] the {{Wiki|future}} [[birth]] is called {{Wiki|Reproductive}} [[Karma]]. The [[death]] of a [[person]] is merely ‘a {{Wiki|temporary}} end of a {{Wiki|temporary}} [[phenomenon]]’. Though the {{Wiki|present}} [[form]] perishes, another [[form]] which is neither the same nor absolutely different takes its place, according to the potential thought-vibration generated at the [[death]] [[moment]], because the [[Karmic]] force which propels the life-flux still survives. It is this last [[thought]], which is technically called {{Wiki|Reproductive}} ([[janaka]]) [[Karma]], that determines the [[state]] of a [[person]] in his subsequent [[birth]]. This may be either a good or bad [[Karma]]. | ||
− | |||
− | (a) The body-decad is composed of: | + | According to the Commentary, {{Wiki|Reproductive}} [[Karma]] is that which produces [[mental]] [[aggregates]] and {{Wiki|material}} [[aggregates]] at the [[moment]] of {{Wiki|conception}}. The initial [[consciousness]], which is termed the [[patisandhi]] [[rebirth consciousness]], is [[conditioned]] by this {{Wiki|Reproductive}} ([[janaka]]) [[Karma]]. Simultaneous with the [[arising]] of the [[rebirth-consciousness]], there arise the ‘[[body-decad]]’, ‘[[sex-decad]]’ and ‘[[base-decad]]’ ([[kaya-bhavavatthu dasakas]]). (decad = 10 factors). |
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | (a) The [[body-decad]] is composed of: | ||
+ | |||
The [[element]] of extension ([[pathavi]]). | The [[element]] of extension ([[pathavi]]). | ||
Line 171: | Line 246: | ||
The [[element]] of {{Wiki|motion}} ([[vayo]]). | The [[element]] of {{Wiki|motion}} ([[vayo]]). | ||
− | (b) The four derivatives ([[upadana | + | |
+ | (b) The four derivatives ([[upadana rupa]]): | ||
+ | |||
{{Wiki|Colour}} ([[vanna]]). | {{Wiki|Colour}} ([[vanna]]). | ||
Line 178: | Line 255: | ||
Nutritive [[Essence]] ([[oja]]) | Nutritive [[Essence]] ([[oja]]) | ||
− | These eight ([[mahabhuta]] 4 + [[upadana]] 4 = 8) are collectively called [[Avinibhoga | + | |
+ | These eight ([[mahabhuta]] 4 + [[upadana]] 4 = 8) are collectively called [[Avinibhoga Rupa]] (indivisable [[form]] or indivisable [[matter]]). | ||
(c) [[Vitality]] ([[jivitindriya]]) and [[Body]] ([[kaya]]) | (c) [[Vitality]] ([[jivitindriya]]) and [[Body]] ([[kaya]]) | ||
− | These ([[avinibhoga]] 8 + [[jivitindriya]] 1 + [[Kaya]] 1 = 10) ten are collectively called "Body-decad" = ([[Kaya dasaka]]). | + | These ([[avinibhoga]] 8 + [[jivitindriya]] 1 + [[Kaya]] 1 = 10) ten are collectively called "[[Body-decad]]" = ([[Kaya dasaka]]). |
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | [[Sex-decad]] and [[Base-decad]] also consist of the first nine, {{Wiki|sex}} ([[bhava]]) and seat of [[consciousness]] ([[vathu]]) respectively (i.e. [[eye]], {{Wiki|ear}}, {{Wiki|nose}}, {{Wiki|tongue}}, and [[body]]). | ||
− | |||
From this, it is evident that the {{Wiki|sex}} of a [[person]] is determined at the very {{Wiki|conception}} of a {{Wiki|being}}. It is [[conditioned]] by [[Karma]] and is not a fortuitous combination of sperm and ovum {{Wiki|cells}}. The [[Pain]] and [[Happiness]] one [[experiences]] in the course of one’s [[lifetime]] are the inevitable consequence of {{Wiki|Reproductive}} [[Kamma]]. | From this, it is evident that the {{Wiki|sex}} of a [[person]] is determined at the very {{Wiki|conception}} of a {{Wiki|being}}. It is [[conditioned]] by [[Karma]] and is not a fortuitous combination of sperm and ovum {{Wiki|cells}}. The [[Pain]] and [[Happiness]] one [[experiences]] in the course of one’s [[lifetime]] are the inevitable consequence of {{Wiki|Reproductive}} [[Kamma]]. | ||
− | |||
− | |||
− | + | 2.===[[SUPPORTIVE KARMA]]=== | |
− | |||
− | + | That which comes near the {{Wiki|Reproductive}} ([[janaka]]) [[Kamma]] and supports it. It is neither good nor bad and it assists or maintains the [[action]] of the {{Wiki|Reproductive}} ([[janaka]]) [[Karma]] in the course of one’s [[lifetime]]. Immediately after {{Wiki|conception}} till the [[death]] [[moment]] this [[Karma]] steps forward to support the {[[Reproductive Karma]]. A [[moral]] supportive ([[kusala upathambhaka]]) [[Karma]] assists in giving [[health]], [[wealth]], [[happiness]] etc. to the {{Wiki|being}} born with a [[moral]] [[Reproductive Karma]]. An [[|immoral supportive Karma]], on the other hand, assists in giving [[pain]], [[sorrow]], etc. to the {{Wiki|being}} born with an {{Wiki|immoral}} {{Wiki|reproductive}} ([[akusala janaka]]) [[Karma]], as for instance to a beast of [[burden]]. | |
− | |||
− | As an instance of operation of all the four, the case of [[Devadatta]], who attempted to kill the [[Buddha]] and who [[caused]] a {{Wiki|schism}} in the [[Sangha]] ([[disciples]] of the [[Buddha]]) may be cited. His good | + | 3.===[[OBSTRUCTIVE KARMA OR COUNTERACTIVE KARMA]]=== |
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | Which, unlike the former, tends to weaken, interrupt and retard the [[fruition]] of the {{Wiki|Reproductive}} [[Karma]]. For instance, a [[person]] born with a good [[Reproductive Karma]] may be [[subject]] to various {{Wiki|ailments}} etc., thus preventing him from enjoying the blissful results of his good [[actions]]. An [[animal]], on the other hand, who is born with a bad [[Reproductive Karma]] may lead a comfortable [[life]] by getting good [[food]], lodging, etc., as a result of his good counteractive or obstructive ([[upabidaka]]) [[Karma]] preventing the [[fruition]] of the [[evil]] [[Reproductive Karma]]. | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | 4. ===[[DESTRUCTIVE KARMA (UPAGHATAKA)]]=== | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | According to the law of [[Karma]] the potential [[energy]] of the {{Wiki|Reproductive}} [[Karma]] could be nullified by a mere {{Wiki|powerful}} opposing [[Karma]] of the {{Wiki|past}}, which, seeking an opportunity, may quite unexpectedly operate, just as a {{Wiki|powerful}} counteractive force can obstruct the [[path]] of a flying arrow and bring it down to the ground. Such an [[action]] is called [[Destructive Karma]] ([[upaghataka]]), which is more effective than the previous two in that it is not only obstructive but also destroys the whole force. This [[|Destructive Karma]] also may be either good or bad. | ||
+ | |||
+ | As an instance of operation of all the four, the case of [[Devadatta]], who attempted to kill the [[Buddha]] and who [[caused]] a {{Wiki|schism}} in the [[Sangha]] ([[disciples]] of the [[Buddha]]) may be cited. His good [[|Reproductive Karma]] brought him [[birth]] in a {{Wiki|royal}} family. His continued {{Wiki|comfort}} and {{Wiki|prosperity}} were due to the [[action]] of the [[Supportive Karma]]. The [[Counteractive or Obstructive Karma]] came into operation when he was [[subject]] to much {{Wiki|humiliation}} as a result of his {{Wiki|being}} excommunicated from the [[Sangha]]. Finally the [[Destructive Karma]] brought his [[life]] to a [[miserable]] end. | ||
(B) There is another {{Wiki|classification}} of [[Karma]], according to the priority of effect: | (B) There is another {{Wiki|classification}} of [[Karma]], according to the priority of effect: | ||
− | |||
− | This is either weighty or serious – may be either good or bad. It produces its results in this [[life]] or in the next for certain. If good, it is purely [[mental]] as in the case of [[Jhana]] ({{Wiki|ecstasy}} or [[absorption]]). Otherwise it is [[verbal]] or [[bodily]]. On the {{Wiki|Immoral}} side, there are five immediate effective heinous crimes ([[pancanantariya karma]]): Matricide, Patricide, and the murder of an [[Arahant]], the wounding of a [[Buddha]] and the creation of a {{Wiki|schism}} in the [[Sangha]]. [[Permanent]] {{Wiki|Scepticism}} ( | + | ===WEIGHTY ([[GARUKA KARMA]]=== |
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | This is either weighty or serious – may be either good or bad. It produces its results in this [[life]] or in the next for certain. If good, it is purely [[mental]] as in the case of [[Jhana]] ({{Wiki|ecstasy}} or [[absorption]]). Otherwise it is [[verbal]] or [[bodily]]. On the {{Wiki|Immoral}} side, there are five immediate effective heinous crimes ([[pancanantariya karma]]): [[Matricide]], [[Patricide]], and the murder of an [[Arahant]], the wounding of a [[Buddha]] and the creation of a {{Wiki|schism}} in the [[Sangha]]. [[Permanent]] {{Wiki|Scepticism}} ([[Niyata Micchaditthi]]) is also termed one of the [[Weighty (garuka) Karmas]]. | ||
− | If, for instance, any [[person]] were to develop the [[jhana]] ({{Wiki|ecstasy}} or [[absorption]]) and later were to commit one of these heinous crimes, his | + | If, for instance, any [[person]] were to develop the [[jhana]] ({{Wiki|ecstasy}} or [[absorption]]) and later were to commit one of these heinous crimes, his [[good Karma]] would be obliterated by the {{Wiki|powerful}} [[evil Karma]]. His subsequent [[birth]] would be [[conditioned]] by the [[evil Karma]] in [[spite]] of his having gained the [[jhana]] earlier. [[Devadatta]] lost his [[psychic]] [[power]] and was born in an [[evil]] [[state]], because he wounded the [[Buddha]] and [[caused]] a {{Wiki|schism}} in the [[Sangha]]. |
+ | |||
+ | [[King]] [[Ajatasattu]] would have [[attained]] the [[first stage]] of [[Sainthood]] ([[Sotapanna]]) if he had not committed {{Wiki|patricide}}. In this case the {{Wiki|powerful}} [[evil Karma]] acted as an [[obstacle]] to his gaining [[Sainthood]]. | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | ===[[PROXIMATE (ASANNA KARMA) OR (DEATH-PROXIMATE KARMA)]]=== | ||
− | |||
− | |||
This is that which one does or remembers immediately before the [[moment]] of dying. Owing to the great part it plays in determining the {{Wiki|future}} [[birth]], much importance is [[attained]] to this deathbed ([[asanna]]) [[Karma]] in almost all [[Buddhist]] countries. The customs of reminding the dying man of [[good deeds]] and making him do good acts on his deathbed still prevails in [[Buddhist]] countries. | This is that which one does or remembers immediately before the [[moment]] of dying. Owing to the great part it plays in determining the {{Wiki|future}} [[birth]], much importance is [[attained]] to this deathbed ([[asanna]]) [[Karma]] in almost all [[Buddhist]] countries. The customs of reminding the dying man of [[good deeds]] and making him do good acts on his deathbed still prevails in [[Buddhist]] countries. | ||
− | Sometimes a bad [[person]] may [[die]] happily and receive a good [[birth]] if he remembers or does a good act at the last [[moment]]. A story runs that a certain executioner who casually happened to give some [[alms]] to the [[Venerable]] [[Sariputta]] remembered this good act at the dying [[moment]] and was born in a [[state | + | Sometimes a bad [[person]] may [[die]] happily and receive a good [[birth]] if he remembers or does a good act at the last [[moment]]. A story runs that a certain executioner who casually happened to give some [[alms]] to the [[Venerable]] [[Sariputta]] remembered this good act at the dying [[moment]] and was born in a [[state of bliss]]. This does not mean that although he enjoys a good [[birth]] he will be exempt from the effects of the [[evil deeds]] which he [[accumulated]] during his [[lifetime]]. They will have there due effect as occasions arise. |
− | At times a good [[person]] may [[die]] [[unhappy]] by suddenly remembering an [[evil]] act of his or by | + | At times a good [[person]] may [[die]] [[unhappy]] by suddenly remembering an [[evil]] act of his or by harboring some [[unpleasant]] [[thought]], perchance compelled by unfavorable circumstances. In the [[scriptures]], {{Wiki|Queen}} [[Mallika]], the [[consort]] of [[King]] [[Kosala]], remembering a lie she had uttered, [[suffered]] for about seven days in a [[state]] of [[misery]] when she lied to her husband to cover some misbehavior. |
These are [[exceptional]] cases. Such reverse changes of [[birth]] account for the [[birth]] of [[virtuous]] children to vicious [[parents]] and of vicious children to [[virtuous]] [[parents]]. As a result of the last [[thought]] [[moment]] {{Wiki|being}} [[conditioned]] by the {{Wiki|general}} conduct of the [[person]]. | These are [[exceptional]] cases. Such reverse changes of [[birth]] account for the [[birth]] of [[virtuous]] children to vicious [[parents]] and of vicious children to [[virtuous]] [[parents]]. As a result of the last [[thought]] [[moment]] {{Wiki|being}} [[conditioned]] by the {{Wiki|general}} conduct of the [[person]]. | ||
− | + | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | ===[[HABITUAL KARMA ACCINA KARMA]]=== | ||
+ | |||
It is that which on habitually performs and recollects and for which one has a great liking. [[Habits]] whether good or bad becomes ones second {{Wiki|nature}}, tending to [[form]] the [[character]] of a [[person]]. At unguarded moments one often lapses into one’s habitual [[mental]] [[mindset]]. In the same way, at the death-moment, unless influenced by other circumstances, one usually recalls to [[mind]] one’s habitual [[deeds]]. | It is that which on habitually performs and recollects and for which one has a great liking. [[Habits]] whether good or bad becomes ones second {{Wiki|nature}}, tending to [[form]] the [[character]] of a [[person]]. At unguarded moments one often lapses into one’s habitual [[mental]] [[mindset]]. In the same way, at the death-moment, unless influenced by other circumstances, one usually recalls to [[mind]] one’s habitual [[deeds]]. | ||
Line 226: | Line 322: | ||
[[Cunda]], a butcher, who was living in the vicinity of the [[Buddha’s]] [[monastery]], [[died]] yelling like an [[animal]] because he was earning his living by slaughtering pigs. | [[Cunda]], a butcher, who was living in the vicinity of the [[Buddha’s]] [[monastery]], [[died]] yelling like an [[animal]] because he was earning his living by slaughtering pigs. | ||
− | [[King]] Dutthagamini of [[Ceylon]] ([[Sri Lanka]]) was in the [[habit]] of [[giving alms]] to the [[Bhikkhus]] ([[monks]]) before he took his [[own]] meals. It was his habitual [[Karma]] that gladdened him at the dying [[moment]] and gave him [[birth]] in the [[Tusita heaven]]. | + | [[King]] [[Dutthagamini]] of [[Ceylon]] ([[Sri Lanka]]) was in the [[habit]] of [[giving alms]] to the [[Bhikkhus]] ([[monks]]) before he took his [[own]] meals. It was his habitual [[Karma]] that gladdened him at the dying [[moment]] and gave him [[birth]] in the [[Tusita heaven]]. |
− | + | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | ===[[RESERVE OR CUMULATIVE KARMA KATATTA KARMA]]=== | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | |||
This literally means ‘because done’. All [[actions]] that are not included in the aforementioned and those [[actions]] soon forgotten belong to this category. This is, as it were the reserve fund of a particular {{Wiki|being}}. | This literally means ‘because done’. All [[actions]] that are not included in the aforementioned and those [[actions]] soon forgotten belong to this category. This is, as it were the reserve fund of a particular {{Wiki|being}}. | ||
+ | |||
(C) There is another {{Wiki|classification}} of [[Karma]] according to the [[time]] in which effects are worked out: | (C) There is another {{Wiki|classification}} of [[Karma]] according to the [[time]] in which effects are worked out: | ||
Line 237: | Line 340: | ||
[[Defunct or Ineffective]] ([[ahosi]]) [[Karma]]. | [[Defunct or Ineffective]] ([[ahosi]]) [[Karma]]. | ||
− | |||
− | If it does not operate in this [[life]], it is called ‘Defunct or Ineffective’ [[Karma]]. | + | [[Immediately Effective Karma]] is that which is [[experienced]] in this {{Wiki|present}} [[life]]. According to the [[Abhidhamma]] one does both [[good and evil]] during the [[javana]] process ([[thought-impulsion]]), which usually lasts for seven [[thought-moments]]. The effect of the first [[thought-moment]], {{Wiki|being}} the weakest, one may reap in this [[life]] itself. This is called the [[Immediately Effective Karma]]. |
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | If it does not operate in this [[life]], it is called ‘Defunct or [[Ineffective’ Karma]]. | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | The next weakest is the seventh [[thought-moment]]. Its effect one may reap in the subsequent [[birth]]. This is called ‘[[Subsequently Effective Karma]]. | ||
− | The | + | This, too, is called [[Defunct or Ineffective Karma]] if it does not operate in the second [[birth]]. The effect of the [[intermediate]] [[thought-moments]] may take place at any [[time]] until one attains [[Nibbana]]. This type of [[Karma]] is known as ‘[[Indefinitely Effective’ Karma]]. |
− | + | No one, not even the [[Buddhas]] and [[Arahantas]], is exempt from this class of [[Karma]] which one may [[experience]] in the course of one’s wandering in [[Samsara]]. There is no special class of [[Karma]] known as [[Defunct or Ineffective]], but when such [[actions]] that should produce their effects in this [[life]] or in a subsequent [[life]] do not operate, they are termed [[Defunct or Ineffective Karma]]. | |
− | |||
(D) The last {{Wiki|classification}} of [[Karma]] is according to the plane in which the effect takes place, namely: | (D) The last {{Wiki|classification}} of [[Karma]] is according to the plane in which the effect takes place, namely: | ||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | Questions on the | + | |
+ | [[Evil Actions]] ([[akusala kamma]]) which may ripen in the [[sentient]] planes ([[kammaloka]]). (Six [[celestial]] planes plus one [[human]] plane plus four woeful planes = eleven [[kamaloka]] planes.) Here are only four woeful [[kamalokas]]. | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Good Actions]] ([[kusala kamma]]) which may ripen in the [[sentient]] planes except for the four woeful planes. | ||
+ | [[Good Actions]] ([[kusala kamma]]) which may ripen in the [[Realm of Form]] ([[rupa brahamalokas]]). There are four [[Arupa Brahma Lokas]]. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Questions on the [[Theory of Karma]] | ||
Question: Do the [[Karmas]] of [[parents]] determine or affect the [[Karmas]] of their children? | Question: Do the [[Karmas]] of [[parents]] determine or affect the [[Karmas]] of their children? | ||
− | |||
− | + | Answer: {{Wiki|Physically}}, the [[Karma]] of children is generally determined by the [[Karma]] of their [[parents]]. Thus, healthy [[parents]] usually have healthy offspring, and [[unhealthy]] [[parents]] have [[unhealthy]] children. On the effect or how the [[Karma]] of their children is determined: the child’s [[Karma]] is a thing apart of itself – it [[forms]] the child’s [[individuality]], the sum-total of its [[merits]] and [[demerits]] [[accumulated]] in {{Wiki|innumerable}} {{Wiki|past}} [[existences]]. | |
+ | |||
+ | For example, the [[Karma]] of the [[Buddha-to-be]], {{Wiki|Prince}} [[Siddhartha]] was certainly not influenced by the joint [[Karma]] of his [[parents]], [[King]] [[Suddhodana]] and [[Queen Maya]]. The glorious and {{Wiki|powerful}} [[Karma]] of our [[Buddha-to-be]] transcended the [[Karma]] of his [[parents]] which jointly were more potent than his [[own]]. | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | Question: If the [[Karma of parents]] do not influence those of their children, how would the fact be explained that [[parents]] who [[suffer]] from certain virulent {{Wiki|diseases}} are apt to transmit these [[evils]] to their offspring's? | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | Answer: Where a child inherit such a {{Wiki|disease}} it is due to the force of the [[parents]]’ {{Wiki|characteristics}} because of the force of the latter’s Utu ([[conditions]] [[favorable]] to germination). Take, for example, two [[seeds]] from a sapling; [[plant]] one in {{Wiki|inferior}}, dry soil; and the other in rich, moist soil. The result is that the first seed will sprout into a sickly sapling and soon show symptoms of {{Wiki|disease}} and [[decay]]; while the other seed will thrive and flourish and grow up to be a tall and healthy [[tree]]. | ||
+ | |||
− | + | It will be observed that the pair of [[seeds]] taken from the same stock grows up differently according to the soil into which they are put. A child’s {{Wiki|past}} [[Karma]] may be compared to the seed: the [[physical]] disposition of the mother to the soil; and that of the father to the {{Wiki|moisture}}, which [[fertilised]] the soil. | |
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | Roughly {{Wiki|speaking}}, to illustrate our [[subject]], we will say that, representing the sapling’s germination, growth, and [[existence]] as a unit, the seed is responsible for one-tenth of them, the soil for six-tenths, and the {{Wiki|moisture}} for the remainder, three-tenths. Thus, although the [[power]] of germination [[exists]] potentially in the seed (the child), its growth is powerfully determined and quickened by the soil (the mother) and the {{Wiki|moisture}} (the father). | ||
− | |||
Therefore, even as the [[conditions]] of the soil and {{Wiki|moisture}} must be taken as largely responsible factors in the growth and [[condition]] of the [[tree]]. So must the [[influences]] of the [[parents]] (or progenitors, as in the case of the [[animal world]]) be taken into account in [[respect]] to the {{Wiki|conception}} and growth of their offspring. | Therefore, even as the [[conditions]] of the soil and {{Wiki|moisture}} must be taken as largely responsible factors in the growth and [[condition]] of the [[tree]]. So must the [[influences]] of the [[parents]] (or progenitors, as in the case of the [[animal world]]) be taken into account in [[respect]] to the {{Wiki|conception}} and growth of their offspring. | ||
− | The [[parents]]’ share in the [[Karma]] determining the [[physical]] factors of their issue is as follows: If they are [[human beings]], then their offspring will be a [[human being]]. If they are cattle then their issue must be of their {{Wiki|species}}. If the [[human being]] is {{Wiki|Chinese}}, then their offspring must be of their race. Thus, the offspring are invariably of the same genera and {{Wiki|species}}, etc., as those of the progenitors. It will be seen from the above that, although a child’s [[Karma]] is very {{Wiki|powerful}} in itself, if cannot remain wholly uninfluenced by those of it [[parents]]. It is apt to inherit the [[physical]] [[characteristic]] of its [[parents]]. Yet, it may occur that the child’s [[Karma]], {{Wiki|being}} superlatively {{Wiki|powerful}}, the influence of the parent’s joint [[Karma]] cannot overshadow it. Of course, it need hardly be pointed out that the [[evil]] [[influences]] of [[parents]] can also be counteracted by the application of {{Wiki|medical}} [[science]]. | + | |
+ | The [[parents]]’ share in the [[Karma]] determining the [[physical]] factors of their issue is as follows: If they are [[human beings]], then their offspring will be a [[human being]]. If they are cattle then their issue must be of their {{Wiki|species}}. If the [[human being]] is {{Wiki|Chinese}}, then their offspring must be of their race. Thus, the offspring are invariably of the same genera and {{Wiki|species}}, etc., as those of the progenitors. | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | It will be seen from the above that, although a child’s [[Karma]] is very {{Wiki|powerful}} in itself, if cannot remain wholly uninfluenced by those of it [[parents]]. It is apt to inherit the [[physical]] [[characteristic]] of its [[parents]]. Yet, it may occur that the child’s [[Karma]], {{Wiki|being}} superlatively {{Wiki|powerful}}, the influence of the parent’s joint [[Karma]] cannot overshadow it. Of course, it need hardly be pointed out that the [[evil]] [[influences]] of [[parents]] can also be counteracted by the application of {{Wiki|medical}} [[science]]. | ||
+ | |||
All [[beings]] born of {{Wiki|sexual}} cohabitation are the resultant effects of three forces: | All [[beings]] born of {{Wiki|sexual}} cohabitation are the resultant effects of three forces: | ||
+ | |||
The old [[Karma]] of {{Wiki|past}} [[existence]]; | The old [[Karma]] of {{Wiki|past}} [[existence]]; | ||
The seminal fluid of the mother, and | The seminal fluid of the mother, and | ||
The seminal fluid of the father. | The seminal fluid of the father. | ||
+ | |||
The [[physical]] dispositions of the [[parents]] may, or may not, be {{Wiki|equal}} in force. One may counteract the other to a lesser or [[greater]] extent. The child’s [[Karma]] and [[physical]] {{Wiki|characteristics}}, such as race, {{Wiki|colour}}, etc., will be the produce of the three forces. | The [[physical]] dispositions of the [[parents]] may, or may not, be {{Wiki|equal}} in force. One may counteract the other to a lesser or [[greater]] extent. The child’s [[Karma]] and [[physical]] {{Wiki|characteristics}}, such as race, {{Wiki|colour}}, etc., will be the produce of the three forces. | ||
+ | |||
Question: On the [[death]] of a [[sentient being]], is there a ‘[[soul]]’ that wanders about at will? | Question: On the [[death]] of a [[sentient being]], is there a ‘[[soul]]’ that wanders about at will? | ||
− | |||
− | Some assert that these [[beings]] are [[detached]] ‘[[souls]]’ or [[spirits]] with no {{Wiki|material}} encasement, and some again, that they are possessed of the {{Wiki|faculty}} of [[seeing]] like [[Devas]], and further, that they have [[power]] of changing at will, at short intervals, from one to any of the [[existence]] mentioned above. Others again hold the fantastic and erroneous {{Wiki|theory}} that these [[beings]] can, and so, fancy themselves to be in other than the [[existence]] they are actually in. Thus, to take for example one such of these suppositious [[beings]]. He is a poor [[person]] – and yet he fancies himself to be rich. He may be in [[hell]] – and yet he fancies himself to be in the land of the [[Devas]], and so on. This [[belief]] in [[intermediate]] stages between [[existences]] is false, and is condemned in the [[Buddhist teachings]]. A [[human being]] in this [[life]] who, by his [[Karma]] is destined to be a [[human being]] in the next, will be [[reborn]] as such; one who by his [[Karma]] is destined to be a [[Deva]] in the next will be appear in the land of the [[Devas]]; and one whose {{Wiki|future}} [[life]] is to be in [[Hell]], will be found in one of the regions of [[hell]] in the next [[existence]]. | + | Answer: When a [[sentient being]] leaves one [[existence]], it is [[reborn]] either as a [[human being]], a [[celestial]] {{Wiki|being}}, ([[Deva]] or [[Brahama]]), and {{Wiki|inferior}} [[animal]], or a denizen of one of the regions of [[hell]]. The skeptics and the [[ignorant]] [[people]] held that there are [[intermediate]] stages – [[antrabhava]] – between these; and that there are {{Wiki|being}} who are neither of the [[human]], the [[celestial]], the [[Deva]] or the [[Brahma worlds]] nor of any one of the stages of [[exist]] recognised in the [[scriptures]] – but are in an [[intermediate stage]]. |
+ | |||
+ | Some assert that these transitional stages are possessed of the [[Five Khandhas]] ([[Five Aggregates]]: they are | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Matter]] ([[rupa]]); | ||
+ | [[Feeling]] ([[vedana]]); | ||
+ | [[Perception]] ([[sanna]]); | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | 4.===Mental-activities ([[sankhara]]); and [[Consciousness]] ([[vinnana]])=== | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | Some assert that these [[beings]] are [[detached]] ‘[[souls]]’ or [[spirits]] with no {{Wiki|material}} encasement, and some again, that they are possessed of the {{Wiki|faculty}} of [[seeing]] like [[Devas]], and further, that they have [[power]] of changing at will, at short intervals, from one to any of the [[existence]] mentioned above. Others again hold the fantastic and erroneous {{Wiki|theory}} that these [[beings]] can, and so, fancy themselves to be in other than the [[existence]] they are actually in. Thus, to take for example one such of these suppositious [[beings]]. | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | He is a poor [[person]] – and yet he fancies himself to be rich. He may be in [[hell]] – and yet he fancies himself to be in the land of the [[Devas]], and so on. This [[belief]] in [[intermediate]] stages between [[existences]] is false, and is condemned in the [[Buddhist teachings]]. A [[human being]] in this [[life]] who, by his [[Karma]] is destined to be a [[human being]] in the next, will be [[reborn]] as such; one who by his [[Karma]] is destined to be a [[Deva]] in the next will be appear in the land of the [[Devas]]; and one whose {{Wiki|future}} [[life]] is to be in [[Hell]], will be found in one of the regions of [[hell]] in the next [[existence]]. | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | The [[idea]] of an {{Wiki|entity}} or [[soul]] or [[spirit]] ‘going’, ‘coming’, ‘changing’ or ‘transmigrating’ from one [[existence]] to another is an [[idea]] entertained by the [[ignorance]] and {{Wiki|materialistic}}, and is certainly not justified by the [[Dhammas]] that there is no such thing as ‘going’, 'coming’, ‘changing’, etc., as between [[existences]]. The {{Wiki|conception}}, which is in accordance with the [[Dhamma]], may perhaps be illustrated by the picture thrown out by a {{Wiki|cinema}} projector, or the [[sound]] of emitted by the gramophone, and their [[relation]] to the film or the sound-box and records respectively. | ||
+ | |||
+ | For example, a [[human being]] [[dies]] and is [[reborn]] in the land of [[Devas]]. Though these two [[existences]] are different, yet the link or continuity between the two at [[death]] is unbroken in point of [[time]]. The same is true in the case of a man whose further [[existence]] is to be in [[hell]]. The distance between [[Hell]] and the [[abode]] of man appears to be great. Yet, in point of [[time]], the continuity of ‘passage’ from the one [[existence]] to the other is unbroken, and no intervening [[matter]] or [[space]] can interrupt the trend of a man’s [[Karma]] from the [[world]] of [[human beings]] to the regions of [[Hell]]. The ‘passage’ from one [[existence]] to another is instantaneous, and the transition is infinitely quicker than the blink of an eyelid or a lightening-flash. | ||
− | |||
[[Karma]] determines the [[realm]] of [[rebirth]] and the [[state]] of [[existence]] in that [[realm]] of all transient {{Wiki|being}} (in the cycle of [[existences]], which have to be traversed till the [[attainment]], at last, of [[Nibbana]]). | [[Karma]] determines the [[realm]] of [[rebirth]] and the [[state]] of [[existence]] in that [[realm]] of all transient {{Wiki|being}} (in the cycle of [[existences]], which have to be traversed till the [[attainment]], at last, of [[Nibbana]]). | ||
+ | |||
The results of [[Karma]] are manifold, and may be effected in many ways. [[Religious]] [[offerings]] ([[dana]]) may obtain for a man the privilege of [[rebirth]] as a [[human being]], or as a [[deva]], in one of the six [[deva worlds]] according to the {{Wiki|degree}} of the [[merit]] of the [[deeds]] performed, and so with the [[observance]] of [[religious]] duties ([[sila]]). The [[jhanas]] or states of [[absorption]], are found in the [[Brahma world]] or [[Brahmalokas]] up to the summit, the twentieth [[Brahma world]]: And so with [[bad deeds]], the perpetrators of which are to be found , grade by grade, down to the lowest depths of [[Hell]]. Thus are [[Karma]], {{Wiki|past}}, {{Wiki|present}} and {{Wiki|future}} were, are, and will ever be the sum total of our [[deeds]], good, indifferent or bad. As was seen from the foregoing, our [[Karma]] determines the changes of our [[existences]]. | The results of [[Karma]] are manifold, and may be effected in many ways. [[Religious]] [[offerings]] ([[dana]]) may obtain for a man the privilege of [[rebirth]] as a [[human being]], or as a [[deva]], in one of the six [[deva worlds]] according to the {{Wiki|degree}} of the [[merit]] of the [[deeds]] performed, and so with the [[observance]] of [[religious]] duties ([[sila]]). The [[jhanas]] or states of [[absorption]], are found in the [[Brahma world]] or [[Brahmalokas]] up to the summit, the twentieth [[Brahma world]]: And so with [[bad deeds]], the perpetrators of which are to be found , grade by grade, down to the lowest depths of [[Hell]]. Thus are [[Karma]], {{Wiki|past}}, {{Wiki|present}} and {{Wiki|future}} were, are, and will ever be the sum total of our [[deeds]], good, indifferent or bad. As was seen from the foregoing, our [[Karma]] determines the changes of our [[existences]]. | ||
− | "[[Evil | + | "[[Evil spirits]]" are, therefore, not [[beings]] in an [[intermediate]] or transitional stages of [[existence]], but are really very {{Wiki|inferior}} [[beings]], and they belong to one of the following five [[realms]] of [[existence]]: |
− | |||
− | Number 2 and 5 are very near the [[world]] of [[human beings]]. As their [[condition]] is [[unhappy]], and they are popularly considered [[evil]] [[spirits]]. It is not true that all who [[die]] in this [[world]] are [[reborn]] as [[evil]] [[spirits]]; nor is it true that [[beings]] who [[die]] sudden or [[violent]] [[deaths]] are apt to be [[reborn]] in the lowest plane of the [[world | + | 1. [[World]] of Men: |
+ | 2. The Lowest plane of [[deva-world]]; | ||
+ | 3. The region of [[hell]]; | ||
+ | 4. [[Animals]] below men, and | ||
+ | 5. [[Petas]] ([[ghosts]]). | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | Number 2 and 5 are very near the [[world]] of [[human beings]]. As their [[condition]] is [[unhappy]], and they are popularly considered [[evil]] [[spirits]]. It is not true that all who [[die]] in this [[world]] are [[reborn]] as [[evil]] [[spirits]]; nor is it true that [[beings]] who [[die]] sudden or [[violent]] [[deaths]] are apt to be [[reborn]] in the lowest plane of the [[world of devas]]. | ||
Question: Is there such a thing as a [[human being]] who is [[reborn]] and who is able to speak accurately of his or her {{Wiki|past}} [[existence]]? | Question: Is there such a thing as a [[human being]] who is [[reborn]] and who is able to speak accurately of his or her {{Wiki|past}} [[existence]]? | ||
Answer: Certainly, this is not an uncommon occurrence, and is in accordance with the {{Wiki|tenets}} of [[Buddhism]] in [[respect]] to [[Karma]]. | Answer: Certainly, this is not an uncommon occurrence, and is in accordance with the {{Wiki|tenets}} of [[Buddhism]] in [[respect]] to [[Karma]]. | ||
+ | |||
The following (who [[form]], an overwhelming majority of [[human beings]]) are generally unable to remember there {{Wiki|past}} [[existences]] when [[reborn]] as [[human beings]]: Children who [[die]] young. Those who [[die]] old and senile. Those who are addicted to the {{Wiki|drug}} or drink [[habit]]. Those whose mothers, during their {{Wiki|conception}}, have been sickly or have had to toil laboriously, or have been reckless or imprudent during pregnancy. The children in the [[womb]], {{Wiki|being}} stunned and started, lose all [[knowledge]] of their {{Wiki|past}} [[existence]]. | The following (who [[form]], an overwhelming majority of [[human beings]]) are generally unable to remember there {{Wiki|past}} [[existences]] when [[reborn]] as [[human beings]]: Children who [[die]] young. Those who [[die]] old and senile. Those who are addicted to the {{Wiki|drug}} or drink [[habit]]. Those whose mothers, during their {{Wiki|conception}}, have been sickly or have had to toil laboriously, or have been reckless or imprudent during pregnancy. The children in the [[womb]], {{Wiki|being}} stunned and started, lose all [[knowledge]] of their {{Wiki|past}} [[existence]]. | ||
Line 305: | Line 459: | ||
Those who [[die]] suddenly [[deaths]] from accidents, while in [[sound]] [[health]], may also be possessed of this {{Wiki|faculty}} in the next [[existence]], provided that their mothers, in whose [[womb]] they are [[conceived]], are healthy. Again, those who [[live]] steady, [[meritorious]] [[lives]] and who in their {{Wiki|past}} [[existences]] have striven to attain, often attain it. | Those who [[die]] suddenly [[deaths]] from accidents, while in [[sound]] [[health]], may also be possessed of this {{Wiki|faculty}} in the next [[existence]], provided that their mothers, in whose [[womb]] they are [[conceived]], are healthy. Again, those who [[live]] steady, [[meritorious]] [[lives]] and who in their {{Wiki|past}} [[existences]] have striven to attain, often attain it. | ||
− | |||
− | Question: Which are the | + | Lastly the [[Buddha]], the [[Arahantas]] and [[Ariyas]] attain this [[gift]] which is known as [[pubbenivasa abhnna]] ([[Supernatural Power]] remembering previous [[existences]]). |
+ | |||
+ | Question: Which are the [[five Abhinna]]? Are they attainable only by the [[Buddha]]? | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | Answer: The [[five Abhinna]] ([[Supernatural Powers]]): [[Pali]] - [[abhi]], {{Wiki|excellent}}, [[nana]], [[wisdom]]) are: | ||
− | |||
[[Iddhividha]] = Creative [[power]]; | [[Iddhividha]] = Creative [[power]]; | ||
− | Dibbasola = [[Divine Ear]]; | + | |
− | [[Cetopariya | + | [[Dibbasola]] = [[Divine Ear]]; |
+ | |||
+ | [[Cetopariya nana]] = [[Knowledge]] of others’ [[thoughts]]; | ||
+ | |||
[[Pubbenivasanussati]] = [[Knowledge]] of one’s {{Wiki|past}} [[existence]]; | [[Pubbenivasanussati]] = [[Knowledge]] of one’s {{Wiki|past}} [[existence]]; | ||
+ | |||
[[Dibbacakkhu]] = The [[Divine eye]]. | [[Dibbacakkhu]] = The [[Divine eye]]. | ||
− | |||
− | In the [[Buddhist Scriptures]], we find, clearly shown, the means of [[attaining]] the | + | The [[Abhinna]] are attainable not only by the [[Buddha]], but also by [[Arantas]] and [[Ariyas]], by ordinary {{Wiki|mortals}} who practice according to the [[Scriptures]] (as was the case with {{Wiki|hermits}} etc, who flourished before the [[time]] of the [[Buddha]] and who were able to fly through the [[air]] and traverse different [[worlds]]). |
+ | |||
+ | In the [[Buddhist Scriptures]], we find, clearly shown, the means of [[attaining]] the [[five Abhinna]]. And even nowadays, if these means are carefully and perseveringly pursued, it would be possible to attain these. That we do not see any [[person]] endowed with the [[five Abhinna]] today is due to the lack of strenuous [[physical]] and [[mental]] {{Wiki|exertion}} towards their [[attainment]]. | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | ===[[|Nature of Karma]]=== | ||
− | |||
In the working of [[Karma]] there are maleficent and beneficent forces and [[conditions]] to counteract and support this self-operating law. [[Birth]] ([[gati]]) [[time]] or [[condition]] ([[kala]]) [[substratum]] of [[rebirth]] or showing [[attachment]] to [[rebirth]] ([[upadhi]]) and [[effort]] ([[payoga]]) act as such {{Wiki|powerful}} aids and [[hindrances]] to the [[fruition]] of [[Karma]]. | In the working of [[Karma]] there are maleficent and beneficent forces and [[conditions]] to counteract and support this self-operating law. [[Birth]] ([[gati]]) [[time]] or [[condition]] ([[kala]]) [[substratum]] of [[rebirth]] or showing [[attachment]] to [[rebirth]] ([[upadhi]]) and [[effort]] ([[payoga]]) act as such {{Wiki|powerful}} aids and [[hindrances]] to the [[fruition]] of [[Karma]]. | ||
Line 327: | Line 491: | ||
Though we are neither the absolutely the servants nor the [[masters]] of our [[Karma]], it is evident from these counteractive and supportive factors that the [[fruition]] of [[Karma]] is influenced to some extent by {{Wiki|external}} circumstances, surroundings, [[personality]], {{Wiki|individual}} striving, and so forth. | Though we are neither the absolutely the servants nor the [[masters]] of our [[Karma]], it is evident from these counteractive and supportive factors that the [[fruition]] of [[Karma]] is influenced to some extent by {{Wiki|external}} circumstances, surroundings, [[personality]], {{Wiki|individual}} striving, and so forth. | ||
− | It is this [[doctrine]] of [[Karma]] that gives consolation, {{Wiki|hope}}, reliance and [[moral]] [[courage]] to a [[Buddhist]]. When the unexpected happens, and he meets with difficulties, failures, and misfortune, the [[Buddhist]] | + | It is this [[doctrine]] of [[Karma]] that gives consolation, {{Wiki|hope}}, reliance and [[moral]] [[courage]] to a [[Buddhist]]. When the unexpected happens, and he meets with difficulties, failures, and misfortune, the [[Buddhist]] realizes that he is reaping what he has sown, and he is wiping off a {{Wiki|past}} debt. Instead of resigning himself, leaving everything to [[Karma]], he makes a strenuous [[effort]] to pull the weeds and sow useful [[seeds]] in their place, for the {{Wiki|future}} is in his [[own]] hands. |
+ | |||
He who believes in [[Karma]] does not condemn even the most corrupt, for they, too, have their chance to reform themselves at any [[moment]]. Though [[bound]] to [[suffer]] in woeful states, they have {{Wiki|hope}} of [[attaining]] [[eternal]] [[Peace]]. By their [[own]] doings they have created their [[own]] [[Hells]], and by their [[own]] doings they can create their [[own]] [[Heavens]], too. | He who believes in [[Karma]] does not condemn even the most corrupt, for they, too, have their chance to reform themselves at any [[moment]]. Though [[bound]] to [[suffer]] in woeful states, they have {{Wiki|hope}} of [[attaining]] [[eternal]] [[Peace]]. By their [[own]] doings they have created their [[own]] [[Hells]], and by their [[own]] doings they can create their [[own]] [[Heavens]], too. |
Revision as of 04:42, 2 February 2015
Karma is the law of moral causation. The theory of Karma is a fundamental doctrine in Buddhism. This belief was prevalent in India before the advent of the Buddha. Nevertheless, it was the Buddha who explained and formulated this doctrine in the complete form in which we have it today.
What is the cause of the inequality that exists among mankind?
Why should one person be brought up in the lap of luxury, endowed with fine mental, moral and physical qualities, and another in absolute poverty, steeped in misery?
Why should one person be a mental prodigy, and another an idiot?
Why should one person be born with saintly characteristics and another with criminal tendencies?
Why should some be linguistic, artistic, mathematically inclined, or musical from the very cradle?
Why should others be congenitally blind, deaf, or deformed?|
Why should some be blessed, and others cursed from their births?
Either this inequality of mankind has a cause, or it is purely accidental. No sensible person would think of attributing this unevenness, this inequality, and this diversity to blind chance or pure accident.
In this world nothing happens to a person that he does not for some reason or other deserve. Usually, men of ordinary intellect cannot comprehend the actual reason or reasons. The definite invisible cause or causes of the visible effect is not necessarily confined to the present life, they may be traced to a proximate or remote past birth.
According to Buddhism, this inequality is due not only to heredity, environment, "nature and nurture", but also to Karma. In other words, it is the result of our own past actions and our own present doings. We ourselves are responsible for our own happiness and misery. We create our own Heaven. We create our own Hell. We are the architects of our own fate.
Perplexed by the seemingly inexplicable, apparent disparity that existed among humanity, a young truth-seeker approached the Buddha and questioned him regarding this intricate problem of inequality:
"What is the cause, what is the reason, O Lord," questioned he, "that we find amongst mankind the short-lived and long-lived, the healthy and the diseased, the ugly and beautiful, those lacking influence and the powerful, the poor and the rich, the low-born and the high-born, and the ignorant and the wise?"
The Buddha’s reply was:
"All living beings have actions (Karma) as their own, their inheritance, their congenital cause, their kinsman, their refuge. It is Karma that differentiates beings into low and high states."
He then explained the cause of such differences in accordance with the law of cause and effect.
Certainly we are born with hereditary characteristics. At the same time we possess certain innate abilities that science cannot adequately account for. To our parents we are indebted for the gross sperm and ovum that form the nucleus of this so-called being. They remain dormant within each parent until this potential germinal compound is vitalized by the karmic energy needed for the production of the foetus. Karma is therefore the indispensable conceptive cause of this being.
The accumulated karmic tendencies, inherited in the course of previous lives, at times play a far greater role than the hereditary parental cells and genes in the formation of both physical and mental characteristics.
The Buddha, for instance, inherited, like every other person, the reproductive cells and genes from his parents. But physically, morally and intellectually there was none comparable to him in his long line of Royal ancestors. In the Buddha’s own words, he belonged not to the Royal lineage, but to that of the Aryan Buddhas. He was certainly a superman, an extraordinary creation of his own Karma.
According to the Lakkhana Sutta of Digha Nikaya, the Buddha inherited exceptional features, such as the 32 major marks, as the result of his past meritorious deeds. The ethical reason for acquiring each physical feature is clearly explained in the Sutta.
It is obvious from this unique case that karmic tendencies could not only influence our physical organism, but also nullify the potentiality of the parental cells and genes – hence the significance of the Buddha’s enigmatic statement, - "We are the heirs of our own actions."
Dealing with this problem of variation, the Atthasalini, being a commentary on the Abhidharma, states:
"Depending on this difference in Karma appears the differences in the birth of beings, high and low, base and exalted, happy and miserable. Depending on the difference in Karma appears the difference in the individual features of beings as beautiful and ugly, high-born or low born, well-built or deformed. Depending on the difference in Karma appears the difference in worldly conditions of beings, such as gain and loss, and disgrace, blame and praise, happiness and misery."
Thus, from a Buddhist point of view, our present mental, moral intellectual and temperamental differences are, for the most part, due to our own actions and tendencies, both past and present.
Although Buddhism attributes this variation to Karma, as being the chief cause among a variety, it does not, however, assert that everything is due to Karma. The law of Karma, important as it is, is only one of the twenty-four conditions described in Buddhist Philosophy.
Refuting the erroneous view that "whatsoever fortune or misfortune experienced is all due to some previous action", the Buddha said:
"So, then, according to this view, owing to previous action men will become murderers, thieves, unchaste, liars, slanderers, covetous, malicious and perverts. Thus, for those who fall back on the former deeds as the essential reason, there is neither the desire to do, nor effort to do, nor necessity to do this deed, or abstain from this deed."
It was this important text, which states the belief that all physical circumstances and mental attitudes spring solely from past Karma that Buddha contradicted. If the present life is totally conditioned or wholly controlled by our past actions, then certainly Karma is tantamount to fatalism or determinism or predestination. If this were true, free will would be an absurdity.
Life would be purely mechanistic, not much different from a machine. Being created by an Almighty God who controls our destinies and predetermines our future, or being produced by an irresistible Karma that completely determines our fate and controls our life’s course, independent of any free action on our part, is essentially the same. The only difference lies in the two words God and Karma. One could easily be substituted for the other, because the ultimate operation of both forces would be identical.
Such a fatalistic doctrine is not the Buddhist law of Karma.
According to Buddhism, there are five orders or processes (niyama) which operate in the physical and mental realms.
They are:
Utu Niyama - physical inorganic order, e.g. seasonal phenomena of winds and rains. The unerring order of seasons, characteristic seasonal changes and events, causes of winds and rains, nature of heat, etc., all belong to this group.
Bija Niyama - order of germs and seeds (physical organic order), e.g. rice produced from rice-seed, sugary taste from sugar-cane or honey, peculiar characteristics of certain fruits, etc. The scientific theory of cells and genes and the physical similarity of twins may be ascribed to this order.
Karma Niyama - order of act and result, e.g., desirable and undesirable acts produce corresponding good and bad results. As surely as water seeks its own level so does Karma, given opportunity, produce its inevitable result, not in the form of a reward or punishment but as an innate sequence. This sequence of deed and effect is as natural and necessary as the way of the sun and the moon.
Dhamma Niyama - order of the norm, e.g., the natural phenomena occurring at the advent of a Bodhisattva in his last birth. Gravitation and other similar laws of nature. The natural reason for being good and so forth, may be included in this group.
Citta Niyama - order or mind or psychic law, e.g., processes of consciousness, arising and perishing of consciousness, constituents of consciousness, power of mind, etc., including telepathy, telaesthesia, retro-cognition, premonition, clairvoyance, thought-reading and such other psychic phenomena which are inexplicable to modern science.
Every mental or physical phenomenon could be explained by these all-embracing five orders or processes which are laws in themselves. Karma as such is only one of these five orders. Like all other natural laws they demand no lawgiver.
Of these five, the physical inorganic order and the order of the norm are more or less mechanistic, though they can be controlled to some extent by human ingenuity and the power of mind. For example, fire normally burns, and extreme cold freezes, but man has walked scathe-less over fire and meditated naked on Himalayan snows;
horticulturists have worked marvels with flowers and fruits; Yogis have performed levitation. Psychic law is equally mechanistic, but Buddhist training aims at control of mind, which is possible by right understanding and skilful volition.
Karma law operates quite automatically and, when the Karma is powerful, man cannot interfere with its inexorable result though he may desire to do so; but here also right understanding and skilful volition can accomplish much and mould the future. Good Karma, persisted in, can thwart the reaping of bad Karma, or as some Western scholars prefer to say ‘action influence’, is certainly an intricate law whose working is fully comprehended only by a Buddha. The Buddhist aims at the final destruction of all Karma.
===What is Karma?===
The Pali term Karma literally means action or doing. Any kind of intentional action whether mental, verbal, or physical, is regarded as Karma. It covers all that is included in the phrase "thought, word and deed". Generally speaking, all good and bad action constitutes Karma. In its ultimate sense Karma means all moral and immoral volition. Involuntary, unintentional or unconscious actions, though technically deeds, do not constitute Karma, because volition, the most important factor in determining Karma, is absent.
The Buddha says:
"I declare, O Bhikkhus, that volition is Karma. Having willed one acts by body, speech, and thought." (Anguttara Nikaya)
Every volitional action of individuals, save those of Buddhas and Arahants, is called Karma. The exception made in their case is because they are delivered from both good and evil; they have eradicated ignorance and craving, the roots of Karma.
"Destroyed are their germinal seeds (Khina bija)
- selfish desires no longer grow," states the Ratana Sutta of Sutta nipata.
This does not mean that the Buddha and Arahantas are passive. They are tirelessly active in working for the real well being and happiness of all. Their deeds ordinarily accepted as good or moral, lack creative power as regards themselves. Understanding things as they truly are, they have finally shattered their cosmic fetters – the chain of cause and effect.
Karma does not necessarily mean past actions. It embraces both past and present deeds. Hence in one sense, we are the result of what we were; we will be the result of what we are. In another sense, it should be added, we are not totally the result of what we were; we will not absolutely be the result of what we are. The present is no doubt the offspring of the past and is the present of the future, but the present is not always a true index of either the past or the future; so complex is the working of Karma.
It is this doctrine of Karma that the mother teaches her child when she says "Be good and you will be happy and we will love you; but if you are bad, you will be unhappy and we will not love you." In short, Karma is the law of cause and effect in the ethical realm.
===Karma and Vipaka===
Karma is action, and Vipaka, fruit or result, is its reaction.
Just as every object is accompanied by a shadow, even so every volitional activity is inevitably accompanied by its due effect. Karma is like potential seed:
Vipaka could be likened to the fruit arising from the tree – the effect or result. Anisamsa and Adinaya are the leaves, flowers and so forth that correspond to external differences such as health, sickness and poverty – these are inevitable consequences, which happen at the same time. Strictly speaking, both Karma and Vipaka pertain to the mind.
As Karma may be good or bad, so may Vipaka, - the fruit – is good or bad. As Karma is mental so Vipaka is mental (of the mind). It is experienced as happiness, bliss, unhappiness or misery, according to the nature of the Karma seed. Anisamsa are the concomitant advantages – material things such as prosperity, health and longevity. When Vipaka’s concomitant material things are disadvantageous, they are known as Adinaya, full of wretchedness, and appear as poverty, ugliness, disease, short life-span and so forth.
As we sow, we reap somewhere and sometime, in his life or in a future birth. What we reap today is what we have sown either in the present or in the past.
The Samyutta Nikaya states:
"According to the seed that’s sown,
So is the fruit you reap there from,
Doer of good will gather good,
Doer of evil, evil reaps,
Down is the seed and thou shalt taste
The fruit thereof."
Karma is a law in itself, which operates in its own field without the intervention of any external, independent ruling agency.
Happiness and misery, which are the common lot of humanity, are the inevitable effects of causes. From a Buddhist point of view, they are not rewards and punishments, assigned by a supernatural, omniscient ruling power to a soul that has done good or evil. Theists, who attempt to explain everything in this and temporal life and in the eternal future life, ignoring a past, believe in a ‘postmortem’ justice, and may regard present happiness and misery as blessings and curses conferred on His creation by an omniscient and omnipotent Divine Ruler who sits in heaven above controlling the destinies of the human race.
Buddhism, which emphatically denies such an Almighty, All merciful God-Creator and an arbitrarily created immortal soul, believes in natural law and justice which cannot be suspended by either an Almighty God or an All-compassionate Buddha. According to this natural law, acts bear their own rewards and punishments to the individual doer whether human justice finds out or not.
There are some who criticize thus: "So, you Buddhists, too, administer capitalistic opium to the people, saying: "You are born poor in this life on account of your past evil karma. He is born rich on account of his good Karma. So, be satisfied with your humble lot; but do good to be rich in your next life. You are being oppressed now because of your past evil Karma. There is your destiny. Be humble and bear your sufferings patiently. Do good now. You can be certain of a better and happier life after death."
The Buddhist doctrine of Karma does not expound such ridiculous fatalistic views. Nor does it vindicate a postmortem justice. The All-Merciful Buddha, who had no ulterior selfish motives, did not teach this law of Karma to protect the rich and comfort the poor by promising illusory happiness in an after-life.
While we are born to a state created by ourselves, yet by our own self-directed efforts there is every possibility for us to create new, favourable environments even here and now. Not only individually, but also, collectively, we are at liberty to create fresh Karma that leads either towards our progress or downfall in this very life.
According to the Buddhist doctrine of Karma, one is not always compelled by an ‘iron necessity’, for Karma is neither fate, nor predestination imposed upon us by some mysterious unknown power to which we must helplessly submit ourselves. It is one’s own doing reacting on oneself, and so one has the possibility to divert the course of one’s Karma to some extent. How far one diverts it depends on oneself.
Is one bound to reap all that one has sown in just proportion?
The Buddha provides an answer:
"If anyone says that a man or woman must reap in this life according to his present deeds, in that case there is no religious life, nor is an opportunity afforded for the entire extinction of sorrow. But if anyone says that what a man or woman reaps in this and future lives accords with his or her deeds present and past, in that case there is a religious life, and an opportunity is afforded for the entire extinction of a sorrow." (Anguttara Nikaya)
Although it is stated in the Dhammapada that "not in the sky, nor in mid-ocean, or entering a mountain cave is found that place on earth where one may escape from (the consequences of) an evil deed", yet one is not bound to pay all the past arrears of one’s Karma. If such were the case emancipation would be impossibility. Eternal recurrence would be the unfortunate result.
What is the cause of Karma?
Ignorance (avijja), or not knowing things as they truly are, is the chief cause of Karma. Dependent on ignorance arise activities (avijja paccaya samkhara) states the Buddha in the Paticca Samuppada (Dependent Origination).
Associated with ignorance is the ally craving (tanha), the other root of Karma. Evil actions are conditioned by these two causes. All good deeds of a worldling (putthujana), though associated with the three wholesome roots of generosity (alobha), goodwill (adosa) and knowledge (amoha), are nevertheless regarded as Karma because the two roots of ignorance and craving are dormant in him. The moral types of Supramundane Path Consciousness (magga citta) are not regarded as Karma because they tend to eradicate the two root causes.
Who is the doer of Karma?
Who reaps the fruit of Karma?
Does Karma mould a soul?
In answering these subtle questions, the Venerable Buddhaghosa writes in the Visuddhi Magga:
"No doer is there who does the deed;
Nor is there one who feels the fruit;
Constituent parts alone roll on;
This indeed! Is right discernment."
For instance, the table we see is apparent reality. In an ultimate sense the so-called table consists of forces and qualities.
For ordinary purposes a scientist would use the term water, but in the laboratory he would say H 2 0.
In this same way, for conventional purposes, such terms as man, woman, being, self, and so forth are used. The so-called fleeting forms consist of psychophysical phenomena, which are constantly changing not remaining the same for two consecutive moments.
Buddhists, therefore, do not believe in an unchanging entity, in an actor apart from action, in a perceiver apart from perception, in a conscious subject behind consciousness.
Who then, is the doer of Karma? Who experiences the effect?
Volition, or Will (tetana), is itself the doer, Feeling (vedana) is itself the reaper of the fruits of actions. Apart from these pure mental states (suddhadhamma) there is no-one to sow and no-one to reap.
===Classification of Karma===
(A) With respect to different functions, Karma is classified into four kinds:
1.===REPRODUCTIVE KARMA===
Every birth is conditioned by a past good or bad karma, which predominated at the moment of death. Karma that conditions the future birth is called Reproductive Karma. The death of a person is merely ‘a temporary end of a temporary phenomenon’. Though the present form perishes, another form which is neither the same nor absolutely different takes its place, according to the potential thought-vibration generated at the death moment, because the Karmic force which propels the life-flux still survives. It is this last thought, which is technically called Reproductive (janaka) Karma, that determines the state of a person in his subsequent birth. This may be either a good or bad Karma.
According to the Commentary, Reproductive Karma is that which produces mental aggregates and material aggregates at the moment of conception. The initial consciousness, which is termed the patisandhi rebirth consciousness, is conditioned by this Reproductive (janaka) Karma. Simultaneous with the arising of the rebirth-consciousness, there arise the ‘body-decad’, ‘sex-decad’ and ‘base-decad’ (kaya-bhavavatthu dasakas). (decad = 10 factors).
(a) The body-decad is composed of:
The element of extension (pathavi).
The element of cohesion (apo).
The element of heat (tajo).
The element of motion (vayo).
(b) The four derivatives (upadana rupa):
Colour (vanna).
Odour (gandha).
Taste (rasa).
Nutritive Essence (oja)
These eight (mahabhuta 4 + upadana 4 = 8) are collectively called Avinibhoga Rupa (indivisable form or indivisable matter).
(c) Vitality (jivitindriya) and Body (kaya)
These (avinibhoga 8 + jivitindriya 1 + Kaya 1 = 10) ten are collectively called "Body-decad" = (Kaya dasaka).
Sex-decad and Base-decad also consist of the first nine, sex (bhava) and seat of consciousness (vathu) respectively (i.e. eye, ear, nose, tongue, and body).
From this, it is evident that the sex of a person is determined at the very conception of a being. It is conditioned by Karma and is not a fortuitous combination of sperm and ovum cells. The Pain and Happiness one experiences in the course of one’s lifetime are the inevitable consequence of Reproductive Kamma.
2.===SUPPORTIVE KARMA===
That which comes near the Reproductive (janaka) Kamma and supports it. It is neither good nor bad and it assists or maintains the action of the Reproductive (janaka) Karma in the course of one’s lifetime. Immediately after conception till the death moment this Karma steps forward to support the {Reproductive Karma. A moral supportive (kusala upathambhaka) Karma assists in giving health, wealth, happiness etc. to the being born with a moral Reproductive Karma. An [[|immoral supportive Karma]], on the other hand, assists in giving pain, sorrow, etc. to the being born with an immoral reproductive (akusala janaka) Karma, as for instance to a beast of burden.
3.===OBSTRUCTIVE KARMA OR COUNTERACTIVE KARMA===
Which, unlike the former, tends to weaken, interrupt and retard the fruition of the Reproductive Karma. For instance, a person born with a good Reproductive Karma may be subject to various ailments etc., thus preventing him from enjoying the blissful results of his good actions. An animal, on the other hand, who is born with a bad Reproductive Karma may lead a comfortable life by getting good food, lodging, etc., as a result of his good counteractive or obstructive (upabidaka) Karma preventing the fruition of the evil Reproductive Karma.
4. ===DESTRUCTIVE KARMA (UPAGHATAKA)===
According to the law of Karma the potential energy of the Reproductive Karma could be nullified by a mere powerful opposing Karma of the past, which, seeking an opportunity, may quite unexpectedly operate, just as a powerful counteractive force can obstruct the path of a flying arrow and bring it down to the ground. Such an action is called Destructive Karma (upaghataka), which is more effective than the previous two in that it is not only obstructive but also destroys the whole force. This [[|Destructive Karma]] also may be either good or bad.
As an instance of operation of all the four, the case of Devadatta, who attempted to kill the Buddha and who caused a schism in the Sangha (disciples of the Buddha) may be cited. His good [[|Reproductive Karma]] brought him birth in a royal family. His continued comfort and prosperity were due to the action of the Supportive Karma. The Counteractive or Obstructive Karma came into operation when he was subject to much humiliation as a result of his being excommunicated from the Sangha. Finally the Destructive Karma brought his life to a miserable end.
(B) There is another classification of Karma, according to the priority of effect:
===WEIGHTY (GARUKA KARMA===
This is either weighty or serious – may be either good or bad. It produces its results in this life or in the next for certain. If good, it is purely mental as in the case of Jhana (ecstasy or absorption). Otherwise it is verbal or bodily. On the Immoral side, there are five immediate effective heinous crimes (pancanantariya karma): Matricide, Patricide, and the murder of an Arahant, the wounding of a Buddha and the creation of a schism in the Sangha. Permanent Scepticism (Niyata Micchaditthi) is also termed one of the Weighty (garuka) Karmas.
If, for instance, any person were to develop the jhana (ecstasy or absorption) and later were to commit one of these heinous crimes, his good Karma would be obliterated by the powerful evil Karma. His subsequent birth would be conditioned by the evil Karma in spite of his having gained the jhana earlier. Devadatta lost his psychic power and was born in an evil state, because he wounded the Buddha and caused a schism in the Sangha.
King Ajatasattu would have attained the first stage of Sainthood (Sotapanna) if he had not committed patricide. In this case the powerful evil Karma acted as an obstacle to his gaining Sainthood.
===PROXIMATE (ASANNA KARMA) OR (DEATH-PROXIMATE KARMA)===
This is that which one does or remembers immediately before the moment of dying. Owing to the great part it plays in determining the future birth, much importance is attained to this deathbed (asanna) Karma in almost all Buddhist countries. The customs of reminding the dying man of good deeds and making him do good acts on his deathbed still prevails in Buddhist countries.
Sometimes a bad person may die happily and receive a good birth if he remembers or does a good act at the last moment. A story runs that a certain executioner who casually happened to give some alms to the Venerable Sariputta remembered this good act at the dying moment and was born in a state of bliss. This does not mean that although he enjoys a good birth he will be exempt from the effects of the evil deeds which he accumulated during his lifetime. They will have there due effect as occasions arise.
At times a good person may die unhappy by suddenly remembering an evil act of his or by harboring some unpleasant thought, perchance compelled by unfavorable circumstances. In the scriptures, Queen Mallika, the consort of King Kosala, remembering a lie she had uttered, suffered for about seven days in a state of misery when she lied to her husband to cover some misbehavior.
These are exceptional cases. Such reverse changes of birth account for the birth of virtuous children to vicious parents and of vicious children to virtuous parents. As a result of the last thought moment being conditioned by the general conduct of the person.
===HABITUAL KARMA ACCINA KARMA===
It is that which on habitually performs and recollects and for which one has a great liking. Habits whether good or bad becomes ones second nature, tending to form the character of a person. At unguarded moments one often lapses into one’s habitual mental mindset. In the same way, at the death-moment, unless influenced by other circumstances, one usually recalls to mind one’s habitual deeds.
Cunda, a butcher, who was living in the vicinity of the Buddha’s monastery, died yelling like an animal because he was earning his living by slaughtering pigs.
King Dutthagamini of Ceylon (Sri Lanka) was in the habit of giving alms to the Bhikkhus (monks) before he took his own meals. It was his habitual Karma that gladdened him at the dying moment and gave him birth in the Tusita heaven.
===RESERVE OR CUMULATIVE KARMA KATATTA KARMA===
This literally means ‘because done’. All actions that are not included in the aforementioned and those actions soon forgotten belong to this category. This is, as it were the reserve fund of a particular being.
(C) There is another classification of Karma according to the time in which effects are worked out:
Immediately Effective (ditthadhammavedaniya) Karma.
Subsequently Effective (uppapajjavedaniya) Karma.
Indefinitely Effective (aparapariyavedaniya) Karma.
Defunct or Ineffective (ahosi) Karma.
Immediately Effective Karma is that which is experienced in this present life. According to the Abhidhamma one does both good and evil during the javana process (thought-impulsion), which usually lasts for seven thought-moments. The effect of the first thought-moment, being the weakest, one may reap in this life itself. This is called the Immediately Effective Karma.
If it does not operate in this life, it is called ‘Defunct or Ineffective’ Karma.
The next weakest is the seventh thought-moment. Its effect one may reap in the subsequent birth. This is called ‘Subsequently Effective Karma.
This, too, is called Defunct or Ineffective Karma if it does not operate in the second birth. The effect of the intermediate thought-moments may take place at any time until one attains Nibbana. This type of Karma is known as ‘Indefinitely Effective’ Karma.
No one, not even the Buddhas and Arahantas, is exempt from this class of Karma which one may experience in the course of one’s wandering in Samsara. There is no special class of Karma known as Defunct or Ineffective, but when such actions that should produce their effects in this life or in a subsequent life do not operate, they are termed Defunct or Ineffective Karma.
(D) The last classification of Karma is according to the plane in which the effect takes place, namely:
Evil Actions (akusala kamma) which may ripen in the sentient planes (kammaloka). (Six celestial planes plus one human plane plus four woeful planes = eleven kamaloka planes.) Here are only four woeful kamalokas.
Good Actions (kusala kamma) which may ripen in the sentient planes except for the four woeful planes.
Good Actions (kusala kamma) which may ripen in the Realm of Form (rupa brahamalokas). There are four Arupa Brahma Lokas.
Questions on the Theory of Karma
Question: Do the Karmas of parents determine or affect the Karmas of their children?
Answer: Physically, the Karma of children is generally determined by the Karma of their parents. Thus, healthy parents usually have healthy offspring, and unhealthy parents have unhealthy children. On the effect or how the Karma of their children is determined: the child’s Karma is a thing apart of itself – it forms the child’s individuality, the sum-total of its merits and demerits accumulated in innumerable past existences.
For example, the Karma of the Buddha-to-be, Prince Siddhartha was certainly not influenced by the joint Karma of his parents, King Suddhodana and Queen Maya. The glorious and powerful Karma of our Buddha-to-be transcended the Karma of his parents which jointly were more potent than his own.
Question: If the Karma of parents do not influence those of their children, how would the fact be explained that parents who suffer from certain virulent diseases are apt to transmit these evils to their offspring's?
Answer: Where a child inherit such a disease it is due to the force of the parents’ characteristics because of the force of the latter’s Utu (conditions favorable to germination). Take, for example, two seeds from a sapling; plant one in inferior, dry soil; and the other in rich, moist soil. The result is that the first seed will sprout into a sickly sapling and soon show symptoms of disease and decay; while the other seed will thrive and flourish and grow up to be a tall and healthy tree.
It will be observed that the pair of seeds taken from the same stock grows up differently according to the soil into which they are put. A child’s past Karma may be compared to the seed: the physical disposition of the mother to the soil; and that of the father to the moisture, which fertilised the soil.
Roughly speaking, to illustrate our subject, we will say that, representing the sapling’s germination, growth, and existence as a unit, the seed is responsible for one-tenth of them, the soil for six-tenths, and the moisture for the remainder, three-tenths. Thus, although the power of germination exists potentially in the seed (the child), its growth is powerfully determined and quickened by the soil (the mother) and the moisture (the father).
Therefore, even as the conditions of the soil and moisture must be taken as largely responsible factors in the growth and condition of the tree. So must the influences of the parents (or progenitors, as in the case of the animal world) be taken into account in respect to the conception and growth of their offspring.
The parents’ share in the Karma determining the physical factors of their issue is as follows: If they are human beings, then their offspring will be a human being. If they are cattle then their issue must be of their species. If the human being is Chinese, then their offspring must be of their race. Thus, the offspring are invariably of the same genera and species, etc., as those of the progenitors.
It will be seen from the above that, although a child’s Karma is very powerful in itself, if cannot remain wholly uninfluenced by those of it parents. It is apt to inherit the physical characteristic of its parents. Yet, it may occur that the child’s Karma, being superlatively powerful, the influence of the parent’s joint Karma cannot overshadow it. Of course, it need hardly be pointed out that the evil influences of parents can also be counteracted by the application of medical science.
All beings born of sexual cohabitation are the resultant effects of three forces:
The old Karma of past existence;
The seminal fluid of the mother, and
The seminal fluid of the father.
The physical dispositions of the parents may, or may not, be equal in force. One may counteract the other to a lesser or greater extent. The child’s Karma and physical characteristics, such as race, colour, etc., will be the produce of the three forces.
Question: On the death of a sentient being, is there a ‘soul’ that wanders about at will?
Answer: When a sentient being leaves one existence, it is reborn either as a human being, a celestial being, (Deva or Brahama), and inferior animal, or a denizen of one of the regions of hell. The skeptics and the ignorant people held that there are intermediate stages – antrabhava – between these; and that there are being who are neither of the human, the celestial, the Deva or the Brahma worlds nor of any one of the stages of exist recognised in the scriptures – but are in an intermediate stage.
Some assert that these transitional stages are possessed of the Five Khandhas (Five Aggregates: they are
Matter (rupa);
Feeling (vedana);
Perception (sanna);
4.===Mental-activities (sankhara); and Consciousness (vinnana)===
Some assert that these beings are detached ‘souls’ or spirits with no material encasement, and some again, that they are possessed of the faculty of seeing like Devas, and further, that they have power of changing at will, at short intervals, from one to any of the existence mentioned above. Others again hold the fantastic and erroneous theory that these beings can, and so, fancy themselves to be in other than the existence they are actually in. Thus, to take for example one such of these suppositious beings.
He is a poor person – and yet he fancies himself to be rich. He may be in hell – and yet he fancies himself to be in the land of the Devas, and so on. This belief in intermediate stages between existences is false, and is condemned in the Buddhist teachings. A human being in this life who, by his Karma is destined to be a human being in the next, will be reborn as such; one who by his Karma is destined to be a Deva in the next will be appear in the land of the Devas; and one whose future life is to be in Hell, will be found in one of the regions of hell in the next existence.
The idea of an entity or soul or spirit ‘going’, ‘coming’, ‘changing’ or ‘transmigrating’ from one existence to another is an idea entertained by the ignorance and materialistic, and is certainly not justified by the Dhammas that there is no such thing as ‘going’, 'coming’, ‘changing’, etc., as between existences. The conception, which is in accordance with the Dhamma, may perhaps be illustrated by the picture thrown out by a cinema projector, or the sound of emitted by the gramophone, and their relation to the film or the sound-box and records respectively.
For example, a human being dies and is reborn in the land of Devas. Though these two existences are different, yet the link or continuity between the two at death is unbroken in point of time. The same is true in the case of a man whose further existence is to be in hell. The distance between Hell and the abode of man appears to be great. Yet, in point of time, the continuity of ‘passage’ from the one existence to the other is unbroken, and no intervening matter or space can interrupt the trend of a man’s Karma from the world of human beings to the regions of Hell. The ‘passage’ from one existence to another is instantaneous, and the transition is infinitely quicker than the blink of an eyelid or a lightening-flash.
Karma determines the realm of rebirth and the state of existence in that realm of all transient being (in the cycle of existences, which have to be traversed till the attainment, at last, of Nibbana).
The results of Karma are manifold, and may be effected in many ways. Religious offerings (dana) may obtain for a man the privilege of rebirth as a human being, or as a deva, in one of the six deva worlds according to the degree of the merit of the deeds performed, and so with the observance of religious duties (sila). The jhanas or states of absorption, are found in the Brahma world or Brahmalokas up to the summit, the twentieth Brahma world: And so with bad deeds, the perpetrators of which are to be found , grade by grade, down to the lowest depths of Hell. Thus are Karma, past, present and future were, are, and will ever be the sum total of our deeds, good, indifferent or bad. As was seen from the foregoing, our Karma determines the changes of our existences.
"Evil spirits" are, therefore, not beings in an intermediate or transitional stages of existence, but are really very inferior beings, and they belong to one of the following five realms of existence:
1. World of Men:
2. The Lowest plane of deva-world;
3. The region of hell;
4. Animals below men, and
5. Petas (ghosts).
Number 2 and 5 are very near the world of human beings. As their condition is unhappy, and they are popularly considered evil spirits. It is not true that all who die in this world are reborn as evil spirits; nor is it true that beings who die sudden or violent deaths are apt to be reborn in the lowest plane of the world of devas.
Question: Is there such a thing as a human being who is reborn and who is able to speak accurately of his or her past existence?
Answer: Certainly, this is not an uncommon occurrence, and is in accordance with the tenets of Buddhism in respect to Karma.
The following (who form, an overwhelming majority of human beings) are generally unable to remember there past existences when reborn as human beings: Children who die young. Those who die old and senile. Those who are addicted to the drug or drink habit. Those whose mothers, during their conception, have been sickly or have had to toil laboriously, or have been reckless or imprudent during pregnancy. The children in the womb, being stunned and started, lose all knowledge of their past existence.
The following are possessed of a knowledge of their past existences, viz: Those who are not reborn (in the human world) but proceed to the world of the devas, of Brahmas, or to the regions of Hell, remember their past existences.
Those who die suddenly deaths from accidents, while in sound health, may also be possessed of this faculty in the next existence, provided that their mothers, in whose womb they are conceived, are healthy. Again, those who live steady, meritorious lives and who in their past existences have striven to attain, often attain it.
Lastly the Buddha, the Arahantas and Ariyas attain this gift which is known as pubbenivasa abhnna (Supernatural Power remembering previous existences).
Question: Which are the five Abhinna? Are they attainable only by the Buddha?
Answer: The five Abhinna (Supernatural Powers): Pali - abhi, excellent, nana, wisdom) are:
Iddhividha = Creative power;
Dibbasola = Divine Ear;
Cetopariya nana = Knowledge of others’ thoughts;
Pubbenivasanussati = Knowledge of one’s past existence;
Dibbacakkhu = The Divine eye.
The Abhinna are attainable not only by the Buddha, but also by Arantas and Ariyas, by ordinary mortals who practice according to the Scriptures (as was the case with hermits etc, who flourished before the time of the Buddha and who were able to fly through the air and traverse different worlds).
In the Buddhist Scriptures, we find, clearly shown, the means of attaining the five Abhinna. And even nowadays, if these means are carefully and perseveringly pursued, it would be possible to attain these. That we do not see any person endowed with the five Abhinna today is due to the lack of strenuous physical and mental exertion towards their attainment.
===[[|Nature of Karma]]===
In the working of Karma there are maleficent and beneficent forces and conditions to counteract and support this self-operating law. Birth (gati) time or condition (kala) substratum of rebirth or showing attachment to rebirth (upadhi) and effort (payoga) act as such powerful aids and hindrances to the fruition of Karma.
Though we are neither the absolutely the servants nor the masters of our Karma, it is evident from these counteractive and supportive factors that the fruition of Karma is influenced to some extent by external circumstances, surroundings, personality, individual striving, and so forth.
It is this doctrine of Karma that gives consolation, hope, reliance and moral courage to a Buddhist. When the unexpected happens, and he meets with difficulties, failures, and misfortune, the Buddhist realizes that he is reaping what he has sown, and he is wiping off a past debt. Instead of resigning himself, leaving everything to Karma, he makes a strenuous effort to pull the weeds and sow useful seeds in their place, for the future is in his own hands.
He who believes in Karma does not condemn even the most corrupt, for they, too, have their chance to reform themselves at any moment. Though bound to suffer in woeful states, they have hope of attaining eternal Peace. By their own doings they have created their own Hells, and by their own doings they can create their own Heavens, too.
A Buddhist who is fully convinced of the law of Karma does not pray to another to be saved but confidently relies on him for his own emancipation. Instead of making any self-surrender, or calling on any supernatural agency, he relies on his own will power, and works incessantly for the well-being and happiness of all. This belief in Karma validates his effort and kindles his enthusiasm, because it teaches individual responsibility.
To the ordinary Buddhist, Karma serves as a deterrent, while to an intellectual, it serves as in incentive to do good. He or she becomes kind, tolerant, and considerate. This law of Karma explains the problem of suffering, the mastery of so-called fate and predestination of other religions and about all the inequality of mankind.