Ananda the Guardian of the Dhamma

82,000 Teachings from the Buddha
I have received;
2,000 more from his disciples;
Now, 84,000 are familiar to me.[1]

Who nothing has heard[2] and nothing understood,
He ages only oxen-like:
His stomach only grows and grows,
But his insight deepens not.

Who has much heard and learned,
But does despise him who is poor in learning,
Is like one blind who holds a lamp.
So must I think of such a one.

Thou follow him who has heard much,
Then what is heard shall not decline.
This is the tap-root of the holy life;
Hence a Dhamma-guardian [3] thou should'st be!

Knowing what comes first and last,
Knowing well the meaning, too,
Skilful in grammar and in other items,[4]
The well-grasped meaning he examines.

Keen in his patient application,
He strives to weigh the meaning well.
At the right time he makes his effort,
And inwardly collects his mind.
— the Venerable Ananda,
in Thag 17.3 (vv. 1024-29)

The one disciple of the Buddha most often mentioned in his discourses is Ananda. Amongst all those great monks around the Buddha he occupies a unique position, and this in many respects, as will be mentioned in these pages.

1. Ananda's Personal Path

His unique position had already begun before his birth. He came to earth, just as the Buddha did, from the Tusita heaven, and was born on the same day as he and in the same caste, namely the warrior caste of the royal family of the Sakyas. Their fathers were brothers, so that Ananda was the Buddha's cousin. He had three brothers, Anuruddha, Mahanama, Pandu, and one sister, Rohini.

Anuruddha entered the Sangha[5] together with Ananda and became an arahant, a fully enlightened one. Mahanama, the prince of the Sakyas, became a once-returner[6] as a householder, while the only thing known about Pandu is the fact that he survived the near-extinction of the Sakya clan during the Buddha's 80th year.

Ananda's only sister, Rohini, had a skin disease as a result of former jealousy, and lived in seclusion at home until the Buddha talked to her about the karmic cause of her affliction and paved the way to stream-entry for her.[7] Rohini recovered and was later reborn in the "heaven of the gods of the thirty-three" as the wife of Sakka, the king of the gods.

When he was 37 years old, Ananda joined his brother Anuruddha and his cousin Devadatta and also many other Sakyan nobles to become a "homeless one", a monk (Cv VII.1).

The venerable Belatthassa, an arahant — a fully liberated saint — became his teacher in the Sangha. Only one verse by the venerable Belatthasisa has survived to this day:

Just as the noble buffalo
With hairy neck can pull the plow
With little effort, step by step,
So do I let the time flow by
With little effort, day by day,
When joy untainted has been won.
— Thag 1.16 (v. 16)

Under the guidance of this holy one, Ananda was introduced into the monk's discipline.

He was a willing and diligent pupil and was able to attain the fruit of stream-entry already during his first rains retreat (Cv VII.1).[8] Later Ananda told his fellow monks, that the venerable Punna Mantaniputta had been of great help to him during his learning period. He had taught Dhamma to the new monks and had explained to them that the "I am" conceit does not arise without a cause — namely, it is brought about through form, feeling, perceptions, mental formations, and consciousness. For a better understanding of this, the venerable Punna had given a fitting analogy:

If somebody should want to see his reflection or image, he could do so only through a cause, namely a mirror or a clear body of water. In the same way do the five aggregates[9] reflect the image of "I am." As long as one depends on them and is supported by them, so long will an "I" be reflected. Only when one does not rely on them any longer, will the image of "I" disappear.

— SN 22.83

Ananda thought about this analogy again and again and ever more deeply, until he penetrated the suffering, impermanence and no-self aspects of the five aggregates, and no longer relied upon them as his support. He then began to reap the benefits of monkhood, beginning with the fruit of stream-entry.

Ananda was always well content with his life as a monk. He understood the blessings of renunciation and had entered upon the Path, which is a joy to tread if one can cross the stream[10] in company with like-minded friends. During the first years of his life as a monk, Ananda was fully occupied with the purification of his own mind; he blended easily into the Sangha and slowly developed more and more resilience and mental strength.

When the Buddha and Ananda were both 55 years of age, the Buddha called a meeting of the monks and declared: "In my 20 years as a monk, as Father of the Sangha, I have had many different attendants, but none of them has really filled the post perfectly, as again and again some willfulness has become apparent. Now I am 55 years old and it is necessary for me to have a trustworthy and reliable attendant." At once all the noble disciples offered their services. But the Buddha did not accept them. Then the great monks looked at Ananda, who had held back modestly, and asked him to come forward voluntarily.

Due to his impeccable behavior as a monk, he seemed predestined for the post. When he was asked why he was the only one who had not offered his services, he replied that the Buddha knew best who was suitable as his attendant. He had so much confidence in the Blessed One, that it did not occur to him to express his own wishes, although he would have liked to become the attendant of the Buddha.

Then the Buddha declared that Ananda would be pleasing to him and that he wanted him as his attendant. Ananda was in no way proud that the Master had preferred him to his greatest disciples, but instead asked a favor of having eight conditions fulfilled.

First of all, the Master should never pass a gift of robes on to him; second, he should never give him any almsfood, which he himself had received; third, having received a dwelling place he should never give it to him; fourth, never to include him in any personal invitation (such as an occasion for teaching Dhamma when a meal would be offered).

Besides these four negative conditions, he also had four positive wishes, namely: if he was invited to a meal, he asked for the right to transfer this invitation to the Buddha; if people came from outlying areas, he asked for the privilege to lead them to the Buddha; if he had any doubts or inquiries about the Dhamma, he asked for the right to present these to the Buddha at any time; and if the Buddha gave a discourse during his absence, he asked for the privilege to have the Buddha repeat it to him privately.

He explained his reasons for these requests in this way: if he did not pose the first four conditions, then people could say that he had accepted the post of attendant only because of material gain. But if he did not express the other four conditions, then it could rightly be said that he fulfilled the duties of his post without being mindful of his own advancement on the Noble Path.

The Buddha granted him these very reasonable requests, which were quite in accordance with the teaching. From then on Ananda was the constant companion, attendant and helper of the Blessed One for twenty-five years. In those twenty-five years of his fame, he continued with the same incessant striving for purification as in the first eighteen years of his monkhood as an unknown disciple. He said of himself:

Through a full 25 years As long as I have been in higher training[11] I have never had a thought of lust: See, how powerfully the Dhamma works. — Thag 17.3 (v. 1039)

(The subsequent verse expresses the same about thoughts of hate.)

The twenty-five years mentioned in this verse refer to the period during which he was the Buddha's attendant, and not to the whole of his life as a monk. During this period, though he was still a "learner," "one in the higher training," no thoughts of lust or hate arose in him; the implication being that his close connection with the Buddha and his devotion to him gave no room for these.

Only such a man could fill the post of a constant companion for the Buddha. Added to that were Ananda's special positive qualities. How Ananda attained arahantship and survived the Buddha will be related in due course.

2. Ananda's Renown

Ananda's praise has been voiced on many occasions in the Pali Canon. The greatest recognition for a monk would surely have been when the Buddha asked him to substitute for him as a teacher and then later confirmed that he, himself, would not have presented the teachings in any other way. This praise was given by the Exalted One to Sariputta[12] (another famous disciple) and to Ananda.

A similarly high esteem is shown in the fact that monks to whom the Buddha had given a short discourse would ask an experienced monk to explain the teaching more fully. The venerable Maha Kaccana was a master in this, and so were Sariputta and Ananda (AN 10.115).

Besides the equal status Ananda had in these respects with Sariputta, the disciple who was most similar to the Master, there were occasions when the Buddha specially praised Ananda. He said, for instance, to the monks, that King Pasenadi, to whom Ananda had given a discourse, was very blessed because he had been given the boon of the sight and company of Ananda (MN 88). Further: just as the multitude of aristocrats, brahmans, ordinary folk and ascetics found joy in seeing a world ruler, equally joyful were the monks, nuns, and male and female disciples about Ananda. "If a party of these goes to Ananda to see him, his presence alone gives them joy. When he speaks Dhamma to them, there will be joy for them because of his words. And they are still not satisfied when Ananda reverts to silence" (DN 16).

In answer to the question of a lay disciple how he could honor the Dhamma, after having honored the Buddha and Sangha, the Buddha's reply was the third praise (of Ananda): "If you, householder, wish to honor the Dhamma, go and honor Ananda, the Guardian of the Dhamma"; whereupon the lay disciple invited Ananda to a meal and gave him a gift of valuable cloth. But Ananda turned it over to Sariputta, because he had the greatest mastery of the Teaching; Sariputta, however, gave it to the Buddha, because he alone was the cause of all bliss (J 296). Another time the Master praised him thus: after Ananda had answered a question of the Buddha and had left, the Buddha said to the other monks:

One on the path of higher training is Ananda, and it is not easy to find one who equals him fully in experience. — AN 3.78

A layman who had been following another teaching was converted to the Dhamma after a talk with Ananda. At the end he exulted how amazing it had been that Ananda had neither elevated his own teaching into the heavens nor dragged the other into the dirt. "Totally straightforward was the exposition of the Dhamma, the inner meaning was explained and he, himself, was not carried away" (AN 3.72).[13] A second time he was praised by King Pasenadi, after having given a good explanation to the crown prince of Kosala. "Truly, he looks like Ananda," because the word means esteemed, loveable, agreeable. And King Pasenadi said that Ananda's words had been well-founded (MN 90).

In view of this abundance of praise, recognition and privileges, mutterings of envy and resentment could have been expected. But this was not the case at all. He was a man who had no enemies. This rare advantage had not come to him without a cause, but had been enjoyed by him not only in this life but also in many previous existences.

Ananda was so much taken up by subordinating his entire life to the Dhamma, that fame could not touch him and make him proud. He knew that all that was good in him was due to the influence of the Teaching. When seen in this way, there can be no pride. One who cannot be proud, has no enemies, and such a one does not meet with envy. If someone turns inward completely and keeps away from any social contact, as Ananda's brother Anuruddha did, then it is easy to be without enemies. But if someone like Ananda, who had daily contact with a large number of people with regard to diverse matters, lives without enemies, without rivals, without conflict and tensions, it borders on a miracle. This quality is truly a measure of Ananda's uniqueness.

Although Ananda did experience justified criticism and was occasionally admonished, that was something entirely different. A friendly reminder, a warning or even a substantial reproach to change one's behavior are aids towards more intense purification. Such criticism, if taken to heart, leads to more inner clarity and higher esteem by others.

The instances in which Ananda was admonished mostly referred to points of social behavior, points of the Vinaya (the monk's discipline); hardly ever to points of self-purification and were never related to his understanding of the Dhamma. The instances were as follows.

Once, when the Buddha was suffering from wind in the stomach, Ananda cooked a rice gruel for him, which had helped the Enlightened One when he had previous complaints of this sort. The Buddha admonished him thus: "It is not the proper way for ascetics, it is not proper monk's behavior, to prepare meals in the house." After the incident it was decreed an offense for a monk to cook for himself (Mv VI.17). Ananda adhered to this rule from then on, with full insight into its necessity as a part of true homelessness.

Once Ananda went on alms-round without his double robe. Fellow monks drew his attention to the rule established by the Buddha, that a monk should always wear his three robes when going to the village. Ananda agreed wholeheartedly and explained that he had simply forgotten it. Since this and the former case concerned a simple disciplinary rule, the matter was thereby settled (Mv VIII.23). That someone like Ananda, who had a most extraordinary memory, could also forget something, was due to the fact that even a stream-winner is not yet perfect. The Buddha, however, required of the monks that they pay diligent attention to the small, everyday things of a monk's life, and that they base their higher spiritual exertions on the foundation of the discipline. This served to eliminate purely intellectual understanding and conceit.

A different kind of criticism was leveled at Ananda in two instances by the venerable Maha Kassapa. Thirty disciples of Ananda had left the Sangha. Kassapa reproached Ananda that he had not guarded the young men sufficiently. He had gone on walking tours with them, without their having the senses well restrained, without having learned to be moderate in eating, and not having trained themselves in wakefulness. Therefore he was a "destroyer of corn,"[14] "a spoiler of the families."[15] His followers crumbled away. "This youngster is still uncontrolled." So did the venerable Maha Kassapa reprove him (SN 16.11).

To this rather strong reproach, Ananda only replied that the gray hair had grown on his head in the service of the Sangha and yet Kassapa still called him a "youngster." It may be that in this instance Ananda had overrated his own strength and underrated the worldliness of his pupils. Ananda did not argue about the objective justification of the censure for his failure. After all he was not yet an arahant and was still subject to some defilements. He only objected to the generalization implied by the criticism. One may, however, assume that a saint, an arahant, like Kassapa, would have known which form of criticism would be most helpful to Ananda.

The second incident with Kassapa had a different background. Ananda had asked Kassapa to accompany him to a nunnery and to teach there. After initial hesitation, Kassapa had agreed. After the discourse was over, a headstrong nun accused Kassapa that only he had been talking and had not let the wise Ananda utter a single word. It was, she said, as if the needle salesman had tried to sell his wares in the presence of the needle manufacturer. Ananda begged Kassapa to forgive her. But Kassapa replied that Ananda should show restraint, lest an inquiry into his behavior should be initiated (SN 16.10). This was meant by Kassapa to be a reproach that Ananda had been overzealous in his teaching, and had overlooked the danger of personal attachment. This criticism also will have benefited Ananda in the future. In any case, Kassapa blamed Ananda in both instances because of his love for him; there was always an excellent relationship between these two monks.

Another monk, Udayi, once criticized Ananda in the following incident. Ananda had asked the Blessed One how far his voice would reach in the universe. The Lord had answered that the Enlightened Ones were immeasurable and could reach further than a thousandfold world system (with a thousand suns, a thousand heavens, and a thousand brahma[16] worlds), even further than a three-thousandfold world system. They could penetrate all those worlds with their shining splendor and reach all beings living there with their voice.

Ananda was delighted with this description, so all-encompassing and transcending all horizons, and he exclaimed: "How fortunate I am, that I have such an almighty, powerful master!"

Udayi objected: "What good does it do to you brother Ananda, that your master is almighty and powerful?" With these few words a strong reproach was uttered. Namely that Ananda always looked at the person of the Buddha only, and thereby forgot his real benefit, namely his own enlightenment. The Buddha immediately took sides with Ananda with the following words:

"Not so, Udayi, not so, Udayi! Should Ananda die without being fully liberated; he would be king of the gods seven times because of the purity of his heart, or be king of the Indian subcontinent seven times. But Udayi, Ananda will experience final liberation in this very life."

— AN 3.80

That the Buddha made this prophecy in the presence of Ananda showed his confidence in him. He knew that his wide knowledge of the Buddha-word would not make Ananda negligent in his practice. This utterance also indicated that the Buddha found it useful to shield Ananda from reproach — self-inflicted and by others — by consoling him that his efforts and strivings would result in the highest attainment still in this lifetime. The Tathagata[17] could make such a declaration only in the case of one who inclined rather towards being extremely conscientious than too negligent.

The only time that the Buddha admonished Ananda on his own accord was also the most important incident. The Buddha had instructed Ananda to oversee the distribution of cloth for robes to the monks. Ananda had accomplished this task very satisfactorily. The Buddha praised him for his circumspection and told the other monks that Ananda was very skilled in sewing; he was able to make several different kinds of seams. For a good monk it was necessary that he hemmed his robes, so that they did not fray at the edges, and one could not accuse him of carelessly handling and wasting the offerings of the laity (Mv VIII.12).

Later, when the Buddha was residing near his hometown he saw numerous seats prepared in a monastery and asked Ananda whether many monks lived there.[18] Ananda confirmed this and added, "It is now time to prepare our robes, venerable sir." Ananda referred here to the Buddha's instructions that a monk should care for his robes properly. However, Ananda seemed to have arranged a sort of sewing circle, maybe to teach his fellow monks that commended art of making seams. This was probably how it came to the communal evening sewing hours. Ananda had not considered that from this a home-like conversational hour would result after the day's efforts and hardships. Therefore the Buddha gave this very emphatic injunction concerning the danger of mundane gregariousness for the monk:

A monk does not deserve praise who enjoys socializing, who finds contentment in it, enjoys togetherness, is pleased with it. That such a monk should attain at will the bliss of renunciation, the bliss of solitude, the bliss of tranquility, the bliss of awakening, in their totality, that is impossible.

Whosoever finds his whole happiness in togetherness, has no access to the bliss which exists independent of the desire for togetherness. Even if one who is still attached to others attains meditative absorption, it will not be fully controlled nor will it be complete. Such absorption can in this case only be a result of forceful suppression. Still greater will be the difficulty of attaining final liberation for a person who makes himself dependent on companionship. Therefore the Buddha ends his explanation with the statement that he cannot find any form, the attachment to which would not produce dukkha,[19] because of the inherent impermanence in it, even if it were the highest divine form of a brahma. This is the universal aspect of the Dhamma.

Subsequently the Buddha expounded the Path of Practice, which he explained solely with reference to Ananda, not mentioning the first seven steps of the Noble Eightfold Path, but starting with the eighth step. This was because Ananda had the faculty for deep meditation, and as one in the higher training was as deeply imbued with the Dhamma as anyone outside sainthood could be.

He only needed a few hints, which put the right perspective on the community work mentioned above. Therefore the Buddha expounded here the highest goal — total voidness of concepts, objects and names — and showed the last steps. Furthermore he appealed to Ananda's love for him as the Master, and emphasized that this love could only be proven if Ananda followed him into the highest attainment.

One could say that he made use of both approaches, factual and personal, to help Ananda cut off all remaining worldliness once and for all, and he concluded with this analogy:

Therefore, Ananda, bear amity towards me, not hostility; long shall that be for your benefit and happiness. I shall not treat you, Ananda, as the potter treats his unfired pots. Repeatedly admonishing, I shall speak to you, Ananda, repeatedly testing. He who is sound will stand the test.

This analogy will be easier to understand, if one takes a look at the 405th Jataka[20] story. It tells of a past life of Ananda. He had abdicated from a king's throne and had become an ascetic, just like the Buddha did when a bodhisatta. One day it transpired that the ascetic — who later became Ananda — had a small store of salt to flavor his food, which went against the ascetic rule of poverty. The Bodhisatta reprimanded him thus: he had let go of all the riches of his kingdom, but now he had started to store provisions again. The ascetic became ill-humored because of that. He replied that one must not hurt the other person when reprimanding him; one must not be rough with one's reproach, as if cutting with a blunt knife. The Bodhisatta replied: amongst friends it was not necessary to speak like a potter handling his unfired, i.e., very delicate, pots. A friend could also utter words of blame, because only through repeated exhortation, and constant, constructive criticism, could one give a person that solidity which was like fired clay. Then the ascetic asked the Bodhisatta's pardon and requested that the Bodhisatta should, out of compassion, always guide him further.

The analogy of the clay pots — easily understandable in those days because it was a common trade — referred to sensitivity and touchiness. For a potter takes the raw, not quite dry, clay pot gently with both hands lest it should break. Then after firing he would repeatedly test it for flaws such as cracks or splits, and use it only if it were well baked. He would tap it again and again and only a sound one would stand the test. In the same way only a sound person, one with excellent qualities, would reach path and fruit of sainthood.[21]

Just as in that past life the reproach of the Bodhisatta was fruitful and brought Ananda — the ascetic — to brahma realms (J 406), so it was also fruitful this time, because Ananda accepted the criticism happily, was content with it (M. 122), took it to heart and followed it until he attained the total destruction of suffering in this life.

3. Ananda as the Buddha's Attendant

One of the virtues of Ananda, which established his fame, was his conduct as the Buddha's attendant. The Buddha said of him, that he was the best of all attendants, was the foremost of all those monks who had ever filled this post (AN 1.19).

The term "attendant" is actually not comprehensive enough. There is hardly an English word, which can do full justice to his position. If we were to choose designations such as "secretary" or "adjunct," then we would not express the most intimate aspects of his attendance, extending to many little items of personal assistance given to the Master. If we called him a "servant," then we would omit the organizational and directing aspects, which manifested on many occasions. And if we looked for examples in the world's literature of a confidante of a great man, who accompanied him constantly, we would not find his likeness.

This loving attention for 25 years consisted of the following services: Ananda brought water for washing to the Buddha and tooth-wood,[22] he arranged his seat, washed his feet, massaged his back, fanned him for coolness, swept his cell, and mended his robes. He slept nearby at night to be always on hand. He accompanied him on his rounds through the monastery (Mv VIII.16) and after meetings he checked to see whether any monk had left anything behind. He carried the Buddha's messages (Cv V.20) and called the monks together, even sometimes at midnight (J 148). When the Buddha was sick, he obtained medicine for him. Once when monks neglected a very sick fellow monk, the Buddha and Ananda washed him and together carried him to a resting-place (Mv VIII.26). In this way Ananda performed the many daily tasks and cared for the physical well-being of his enlightened cousin like a good mother or a caring wife.

But above all, he also had the duties of a good secretary, namely the smooth communication between the thousands of monks and the Master. Together with Sariputta and Moggallana he tried to sort out, and attend to, the manifold problems of human relationships turning up in a community.

In a case of dispute of the monks of Kosambi, (AN 4.249) and in the case of a schism in the Sangha through Devadatta (Ud 5.8 and Cv VII). Ananda played an important role in clarifying and keeping order. Often he was the go-between for the monks, getting an audience with the Master for them, or he brought the Buddha's words to members of other sects. He refused no one and felt himself to be a bridge rather than a barrier.

On several occasions the monks made a great deal of noise, so that the Buddha asked Ananda about the reason for this. Ananda was always able to explain it fully (MN 67; Pac 65; Ud 3.3). The Buddha then took care of it accordingly. The last of these three occasions is significant. On behalf of the Buddha, Ananda called the large group of noisy monks together and reproached them for their behavior and sent them away. Thereupon the group went into solitude and worked so diligently on the purification of their hearts, that all of them attained the three knowledges[23] during one rains retreat. The Master called them together once more. When they arrived at the Awakened One, he dwelt in imperturbable meditation.[24] The holy monks realized the depth of their master's meditation, sat down and entered in the same absorption. After they had thus passed the first four hours of the night — truly the kind of "greeting" fit for holy ones — Ananda got up and requested the Buddha to greet the monks who had arrived. Because all of them were in imperturbable meditation, no one could hear him. After a further four hours, Ananda repeated his request. Again total silence answered him. And a third time, at dawn, Ananda got up, prostrated before the Buddha, put his hands together and requested a greeting for the monks. Thereupon the Buddha came out of his meditation and answered Ananda: "If you were able to attain supersensual experiences, then you would have known, that all of us had entered into imperturbable absorption, where words cannot penetrate" (Ud 3.3).

This account serves to show the unerring patience Ananda possessed, as well as his limitations. Such an occurrence may have contributed to Ananda's determination to practice meditation again and again, despite his many duties. The traditional texts speak of two occasions when he asked the Buddha for a meditation subject, which he could practice in solitude. The Master told him on one occasion, to concentrate on the five aggregates (SN 22.158), and the other time to contemplate the six sense-spheres (SN 35.86).

Amongst the many things which Ananda requested from the Buddha for others, the following may be mentioned: when the monk Girimananda and the monk Phagguna were sick, Ananda asked the Exalted One to visit them and strengthen them by teaching them Dhamma (AN 10.60; AN 6.58). It was also Ananda who asked the Buddha — upon Anathapindika's suggestion — to have a shrine erected in the monastery (J 479).

In these and many other ways, Ananda showed himself as a solicitous monk who combined maternal and paternal qualities. His ability for organization, negotiation, and arrangements had already been manifested earlier, when — in a past life — he fulfilled a similar function for the king of the gods, Sakka. In the few instances when Ananda's past lives in the deva and brahma worlds are mentioned, it always related to those lives in which he held the position of a main helper and adjutant of Sakka; particularly as the heavenly charioteer Matali (in four cases, Jataka stories 31, 249, 535, and 541) or as a deva such as the heavenly architect Vissakamma (J 489) or the rain-god Pajjuna (J 75) or the five-crested celestial musician Pañcasikha (J 450).

Especially Ananda's willingness to sacrifice himself is worth mentioning. When Devadatta let loose a wild elephant to kill the Buddha, Ananda threw himself in front of the Buddha rather to die himself than to see the Exalted One killed or injured. Three times the Buddha asked him to step back, but he did not comply. Only when the Enlightened One moved gently from the spot through supernatural powers, could he be dissuaded from his intention to sacrifice himself (J 533). This action of Ananda spread his fame even further. The Buddha told the other monks that already in four former lives Ananda had shown himself equally willing to sacrifice himself. Even in long bygone times as an animal, as a swan (J 502, 533, and 534) or a gazelle (J 501) he had stayed with the Bodhisatta when he had been caught in a trap. In another case the Bodhisatta first sacrificed himself for his monkey mother, then Ananda (J 222) And in three other recorded cases, Ananda — in his former rebirths — saved the Buddha-to-be's life through his care and skill. These stories amplify the virtues of Ananda and his age-old association with the Buddha.

4. Ananda as the Guardian of the Dhamma

Amongst the distinctions which gave Ananda a special place amongst the Buddha's disciples, one of the most noteworthy was that he was the only monk who was not yet an arahant amongst those whom the Buddha called pre-eminent in specific abilities. This means that he had qualities which equaled those of the arahants. While others were mentioned only because of one superior quality, (except two monks who possessed two such qualities) Ananda was the one amongst the seventy-five pre-eminent disciples who excelled in five abilities.

He was pre-eminent among those who had heard much (of the Buddha's words), who had a good retentive memory, who mastered the sequential order (or what was remembered), who were energetic and among those who attended (on the Master) (AN 1.19).

Upon close examination, one can see that these five qualities belong to the vast complex of virtues which give sati (Pali for mindfulness) its strength and power. The quality of mindfulness is power of the mind, power of memory, mastery over recollections and ideas. It is the faculty to use the tool of the mind at any time at will and not be driven by it. In short, mindfulness is circumspection and orderliness, self-restraint, control, self-discipline. In a narrower sense, sati or mindfulness is the ability to remember. Ananda had this ability to a phenomenal degree. He could immediately remember everything, even if he had heard it only once. He could repeat discourses of the Buddha flawlessly up to 60,000 words, without leaving out a single syllable. He was able to recite 15,000 four-line stanzas of the Buddha. It may sound like a miracle to us to be able to accomplish such a feat. But the miracle is solely that we encumber our minds with a hundred-thousand useless things, which hinder us from becoming master over our memory. The Buddha said once that the only reason why one forgets anything is the presence of one of the five hindrances[25] (AN 5.193). Because Ananda was one in the higher training, he was able to let go of these hindrances at will (if any were still present in him at all) and so could concentrate completely on what he heard.[26]

Because he did not want anything for himself, he absorbed the discourses without resistance or distortion, arranged them properly, knew what belonged together, recognized within different expressions the common denominator, and like a faithful and skilled registrar, could find his way around in his own mind.

This is the quality of "having heard much." He who has heard much in this sense, has discarded willfulness from his own mind and has become a vessel of truth. He has heard much truth and that means that he has erased all untruth in himself. Such a one is "born from the mouth" of the teacher, is truly trained, because he let himself be shaped by the teaching of the Exalted One.

Hence he who has heard much is the one who is most humble and a most sincere champion of truth. Everything good which he carries in his mind and upon which he acts, he does not ascribe to his own ability, but to the Dhamma, which he has heard from his teacher. Such a person is truly humble.

His grow this to be The vanquished one of ever greater things. — Rainer Maria Rilke

This could rightly be said of Ananda. When he came to the Buddha he was still ignorant, thinking in a wrong way. Each teaching of the Awakened One forced him to correct his outlook. Constantly losing his old concepts, he totally yielded to the truth.

This quality of listening well and training the mind is named as the first of the five specific abilities of Ananda and it is recorded that all of his disciples, too, were well versed in this respect (SN 14.5). But the Buddha said it would not be easy to find one who equaled Ananda in this (AN 3.78). The question as to which monk lent radiance to the Gosinga Forest[27], was answered by Ananda in this way:

The monk who has heard much, is guardian of the word, treasurer of the teaching, and of what is good in the beginning, good in the middle, and good at the end, and transmits word by word and in the right way the completely purified life of the homeless ones: all this he knows, remembers, ably explains, keeps in his heart and understands completely. He discourses on Dhamma to the four kinds of listeners,[28] in completeness, in part and in the right context to bring them to final eradication of desires.

— MN 32

The second quality is the retention in mind and making use of the discourses heard, and their application to one's own self-inquiry.

For the third quality (in Pali gatimanta) widely differing renderings have been given by translators. According to the ancient commentary, it refers to Ananda's capacity to perceive in his mind the internal connection and coherence of a discourse. This he was able to do by understanding well the meaning and significance of the teaching concerned, with all its implications. Hence, even when his recitation was interrupted by a question, he was able to resume the recital where he had left off.

The fourth quality was his energy, his unflagging dedication to his task in studying, memorizing and reciting the Buddha's words and in personally attending on the Master.

The fifth and last quality was that of a perfect attendant, which was described earlier.

If one looks at these five qualities, one receives a vivid picture of Ananda. The central quality, however, is that of a guardian of the Dhamma, which can also be seen in the following chapters.

Because of his key position among the Buddha's entourage of monks, Ananda was naturally the focus of much attention, and he had to deal with a very large number of people. To all those who came into contact with him, he was a model in his blameless conduct, in his untiring solicitude for the Master and for the community of monks, in his unperturbable friendliness, his patience and his readiness to help. Some potential conflicts did not even arise in his presence, and those which did arise became mitigated and resolved through his influence. Ananda, as a man without enemies, had a strong and deep impact upon others through his exemplary conduct as well as through his instructions. His image, as the Buddha's faithful companion, left particularly strong traces in the minds of his contemporaries.

Ananda was always master of a situation, and like a king, he had a sovereign comprehension of affairs. Therefore, thanks to his circumspection, he could handle and organize whatever occurred in the daily life of the Buddha and the community. Through the extraordinary power of his memory, he was able to learn from his experiences and never repeat the same mistakes, as most people are liable to do again and again, due to their weak memory. Hence, he could remember people well, though he may have met them only once, and he could, therefore, deal with them suitably, without leaving the impression that he "manipulated" them. His circumspection accorded with the facts of a situation so naturally that all reasonable people could only agree with him.

5. Ananda's Attitude Toward Women

Both brothers, Anuruddha and Ananda, were no longer in need of female companionship, in any way or form, because of their inner detachment from worldliness and their strong spirit of renunciation. To both, however, the other sex presented a challenge in different ways.

If one has much contact with people, one has to take the difference of the sexes into account. With Ananda this showed as special care and effort to look after all four kinds of disciples, not only monks and laymen, but also nuns and laywomen. Without Ananda there would have been only three kinds of disciples, because it was he who was instrumental in the founding of the nun's order. This happened as follows (AN 8.51; Cv X.1):

When many nobles of the Sakya clan had become monks, their wives, sisters, and daughters also had the wish to live a life of purification under the Awakened One. A large number of Sakya ladies, under the guidance of the Buddha's stepmother, Maha-Pajapati, followed the Exalted One and tried in vain to gain permission to establish an order of nuns. Ananda saw the Buddha's step-mother with swollen feet, covered with dust, eyes full of tears at the gate of the monastery of Vesali. When he asked her compassionately for the reason of her sorrow, she replied that the Master had three times rejected her request for the establishment of an order of nuns.[29]

Ananda decided out of compassion to intercede himself. He went to the Master, but his request was also denied three times. Then he asked: "Is a woman able to gain the fruit of stream-entry, once-returning, non-returning, and arahantship, if she leaves the household life and enters into homelessness and follows the teaching and discipline of the Exalted One?"

The Buddha affirmed this. Thereupon Ananda rephrased his request:

If a woman is able to do this, Master — and moreover Maha-Pajapati Gotami has rendered great service to the Master: she is his aunt, his governess and nurse, nourished the Exalted One with her own milk after his mother died — therefore it would be well if the Blessed One would allow women to leave home for the homeless life, to follow the teaching and discipline of the Master.

Ananda here brought two arguments to bear. First the fact that a woman in the Order could gain the highest fruit, become a saint, an arahant in this very life, which goal can be attained only very rarely in the household life. Second, he brought up the very personal element of gratitude for the particularly meritorious services of Maha-Pajapati for the Buddha, which would be a good reason for him to help his step-mother now to gain final liberation. In response to these arguments the Buddha agreed to the establishment of an order of nuns, provided certain cautions and rules were followed.

One might gain the impression from this account, that it needed Ananda's intense and clever arguments to change the Buddha's mind. But an awakened one's mind cannot be changed, because he is always in touch with absolute reality. What happened here was solely the same event, which all Buddhas encounter, because all of them have established an order of nuns. The whole incident was not meant to prevent the founding of the female branch of the Order, but only to strengthen by that hesitation the message that this brought great dangers with it. For this reason, the Buddha stipulated eight conditions, which were so selected that only the best women would agree to abide by them. They also served to bring about a separation of the sexes in the Order in the best possible manner. In spite of this, the Exalted One declared that because of the founding of the Order of Nuns the dispensation would last only five hundred instead of a thousand years.[30]

Following the Buddha's proclamation of the rules and regulations for nuns, Ananda asked him about the qualities a monk should have to be a teacher of nuns. The Buddha did not reply that he had to be an arahant, a saint, but indicated eight practical and concrete qualities, which also someone like Ananda, who was not yet an arahant, could possess. These eight qualities were: the teacher of nuns must be virtuous; second, have comprehensive knowledge of the Dhamma; third he must be well acquainted with the Vinaya, especially the rules for nuns; fourth, he must be a good speaker with a pleasant and fluent delivery, faultless in pronunciation, and intelligibly convey the meaning; fifth, he should be able to teach Dhamma to the nuns in an elevating, stimulating, and encouraging way; sixth, he must always be welcome to the nuns and liked by them — that is, they must be able to respect and esteem him not only when he praises them but especially when there is an occasion for reproach; seventh, he must never have committed sexual misconduct with a nun; eighth, he must have been a fully ordained Buddhist monk for at least 20 years (AN 8.52).

Since Ananda had been instrumental in the founding of the Order of Nuns, he now also wanted to help them to advance on the Noble Path. This brought about some difficulties for him. There were two occasions in which nuns stood up for him without justification against Kassapa (SN 16.10-11). One of them has been mentioned in Section 2, "Ananda's Renown." Both nuns left the Order; they showed thereby that they were no longer able to sustain the necessary impersonal and purely spiritual relationship with their teacher, Ananda.

Even more extreme was the case of the nun in Kosambi, whose name is not known. She sent a messenger to Ananda, asking him to visit her, as she was sick. In reality she had fallen in love with Ananda and wanted to seduce him. Ananda mastered the situation with complete aplomb. In his sermon to her he explained that this body had arisen because of nutrition, craving and pride. But one could use these three as means for purification. Supported by nutrition, one could transcend nutrition. Supported by craving, one could transcend craving. Supported by pride, one could transcend pride. The monk took in such nutriment as would enable him to lead the holy life. He sublimated his craving and was supported by his longing for holiness. And pride spurred him on to reach that which others had already attained, namely the realization of Dhamma in himself. In this way he could, in due course, transcend nutrition, craving and pride. But there was a fourth cause for the arising of the body, namely sexual intercourse, but this was an entirely different matter. This had been called the destruction of the bridge to Nibbana by the Blessed One. In no way could its sublimation be used as a path to holiness.

Thereupon the nun got up from the bed, prostrated before Ananda, confessed her offense and asked for forgiveness. Ananda accepted the confession and declared that in the Order it was an advantage to confess one's faults and to restrain oneself thereafter (AN 4.159). This incident is an excellent example of Ananda's great skill to give a suitable Dhamma discourse on the spur of the moment, to find the right word at the right time.

Another incident happened with regard to the wives of King Pasenadi. They had pondered over three things: seldom does a Buddha appear in the world, seldom is one reborn as a human being and seldom is one healthy in mind and body. Yet in spite of the existence of these favorable conditions, they could not go to the monastery and hear the Dhamma.

As the king's women they were confined to the harem like birds in a cage, and that was really a disaster for them. They went to the king and asked him to request the Buddha to send a monk to the palace to teach them the Dhamma. The king promised. The lay disciple praised by the Buddha — a non-returner — declined to do it, because it was a monk's duty. Thereupon the king asked his wives which monk would be most acceptable to them They discussed it among themselves and unanimously requested the king that he should ask Ananda, the guardian of the Dhamma, to come and teach them. The Blessed One complied with the request presented to him by the king and from then on Ananda taught Dhamma to the women.

One day during this period one of the crown jewels was stolen. Everything was searched and the women felt very troubled because of the unrest occasioned thereby. Because of this they were not as attentive and eager to learn as usual. Ananda asked them for the reason and when he heard it, out of compassion he went to the king and advised him. In order to make an end to the anxiety and unrest he told the king to summon everyone who could possibly be the thief and to give them an opportunity to return the jewel unobtrusively. He should have a tent erected in the courtyard of the palace, put a large pot of water inside and have everyone enter alone. So it was done, and the jewel thief, alone in the tent, let the jewel drop into the pot. Thereby the king regained his property, the thief went unpunished, and peace reigned once again in the palace. This incident increased Ananda's popularity even more and thereby the popularity of the Sakya monks. The monks also praised Ananda, that he had restored peace through gentle means (J 92).

Shortly before the Buddha died, Ananda asked him a question concerning women: "How shall we relate to women, Master?" — "Do not look at them." — "But if one sees one, Master?" — "Do not address her." — "But if one talks to us?" — "Keep mindfulness and self-control." (DN 16).

This question was posed by Ananda in view of the imminent death of the Buddha, just before the preparations for the funeral. This problem must therefore have been an important one for him. For himself he did not need an admonition to practice self-control; sensual desire had been overcome by him for 25 years. But during the years he had seen how the problem of the relationship between the sexes again and again stirred the emotions.

The question may have been asked by him for this reason, but also on account of the warning of the Buddha that the Order was endangered through the foundation of the Nun's Order and its lifespan shortened. He wanted to give his contemporaries and his successors a last word of the Buddha on this topic.

6. Ananda and His Fellow Monks Of all the monks, Sariputta was Ananda's closest friend. There does not seem to have been a close relationship between Ananda and his brother Anuruddha, because the latter preferred solitude, while Ananda was fond of people. Sariputta was the disciple who most resembled the Master, and with whom he could talk in the same way as with the Buddha. It is remarkable that of all the monks only Sariputta and Ananda received an honorary title from the Buddha: Sariputta was called the Commander-in-Chief of the Dhamma (dhamma-senapati) and Ananda its Guardian. One can see their complementary roles in this. Sariputta, the lion, was the active teacher; Ananda more the preserver and treasurer. In certain aspects, Ananda's methods resembled more those of Maha-Moggallana, whose inclinations were also motherly and preserving.

Ananda and Sariputta often worked together, twice visited the sick Anathapindika (MN 153; SN 55.26) together, dealt with the dispute of the monks of Kosambi (AN 4.221), and had many Dhamma discussions with each other. When Ananda received the message one day that Sariputta had died, he was deeply affected:

All the quarters are bedimmed And the Dhamma is not clear to me, Indeed my noble friend has gone And all about seems dark. — Thag 17.3 (v. 1034)

He felt physically quite wretched and even the Dhamma was not alive in him at that moment, such was the impact of the death message. Then the Buddha afforded him great consolation. He asked Ananda to reflect whether Sariputta had taken with him virtue or meditation, wisdom, liberation, or the purity of liberation? Ananda had to agree that these, the only important aspects, had not changed. But, he added, Sariputta had been such a helpful companion and friend for him and others. Again the Buddha directed the conversation onto a higher level by reminding Ananda of what he, the Buddha, had always taught: that nothing that has arisen can remain forever. The death of Sariputta was, for the other disciples, like cutting off the main branch of a large tree. But that should only be another reason for relying on oneself, on no one else, and be one's own light and refuge (SN 7.13).

Many discussions which Ananda had with other monks are also recorded. Only a few can be related here.

One day the Venerable Vangisa accompanied Ananda on his alms round. On the way Vangisa was overcome by dissatisfaction,[31] the most dangerous illness of ascetics. His heart was flooded by sensual desire. All of a sudden a monk's life seemed senseless and a waste to him, but house and family life attractive and wholesome. The Venerable Vangisa asked Ananda for help. When Ananda became aware of what was going on in his companion, he spoke to him in verse, because Vangisa, the poet in the Sangha, had voiced his request also in verse.

Ananda said:

Since your perception is distorted,
Your heart with passion is aflame.
The marks of beauty should you shun,
Bound up with lustful longing and desire.

Your mind, one-pointed and collected,
In seeing foulness should be cultivated.
With mindfulness directed on the body,
Dwell often in disgust concerning it.
— Thag 21 (vv. 1224-25)

Ananda showed him that he constantly refueled sensual desire because his perception was not controlled, and so he became captivated by feminine charm. When the feeling of deprivation became too strong it would manifest as weariness of mind and dissatisfaction, as a kind of aversion towards the ascetic life. Therefore Vangisa had to contemplate soberly those things which seemed beautiful and desirable; then he would understand that the body was not beautiful. This would be wholesome practice.

The monk Channa was plagued with doubts about the Dhamma. He understood that the five aggregates are impermanent, but he was afraid of Nibbana, thought it to be the destruction of the ego. So he came for advice to Ananda. Ananda consoled him: he would understand the teaching, he was already beginning to break through the hard shell. Channa was delighted and listened with undivided attention to Ananda's exposition of the Buddha's discourse on being and not-being (SN 12.15). Thereupon Channa exclaimed how wonderful it was to have such wise brothers as teachers. Now he was firm in the Dhamma again (SN 22.90).

7. Ananda's Conversations with the Buddha

If one considers as conversation also the silent, inner rapport with a Dhamma discourse, then the whole of the Pali Canon actually consists of Ananda's conversations with the Buddha. He was almost always present when the Buddha gave a discourse, and not only during the time he was his attendant. And those few discourses which the Blessed One had given in Ananda's absence he repeated for him afterwards.[32]

We cannot repeat here all the dialogues between the Buddha and Ananda mentioned in the Pali Canon. Some have already been mentioned.

The Buddha often addressed Ananda with a question or teachings, which were either meant for Ananda's spiritual growth or gave the occasion for a discourse to all the monks present. It is always more stimulating for the listeners when two experts discuss a subject with each other, rather than only one speaking. In this way many of the conversations between the Buddha and Ananda are discourses for the instruction of others.

One special occasion for a discourse was that the Buddha had smiled when he had came to a certain locality. Ananda knew that a fully enlightened one does not smile without cause, and understood immediately that here was reason for a question. So he asked the Awakened One why he had smiled. Thereupon the Master gave detailed explanation of an incident in the past, a Jataka story, which had taken place at that locality (MN 81; MN 83; AN 5.180; J 440).

The conversations in which Ananda asked the question and took the initiative are far more numerous than the ones the Buddha started.

For instance, Ananda asked whether there was a fragrance which went against the wind, different from that of flowers and blossoms. The answer was: the fragrance of him who has taken the triple refuge, is virtuous and generous (SN 3.79).

Another time Ananda asked how one could live happily in the Order. The answer was: if one is virtuous oneself, but does not blame others for lack of virtue; if one watches oneself, but not others; if one does not worry about lack of fame; if one can obtain the four meditation absorptions without difficulty; and finally if one becomes a holy one, an arahant. So here the first step on the path to holiness is mentioned as not criticizing or watching others, but only making demands on oneself (AN 5.106).

Ananda asked what were the purposes and blessings of virtue. The answer was: to be free of self-reproach, free of guilt feelings, with a clear conscience. But Ananda asked further, what were the purposes and blessings of a clear conscience. The Buddha replied, that it would bring joy in wholesome thoughts and actions, happiness with progress made and incentive for further striving. And what would result from that? One would experience exaltation in one's heart, being drawn towards the good and perfect bliss; and from that would further result deep calm and insight (AN 10.1). In this way Ananda inquired about many aspects of the Dhamma.

Sometimes Ananda reported certain views of his to the Buddha, so that the Buddha could either accept or correct them. For instance he said that good friendship was half of the holy life. Unexpectedly the Buddha disagreed: noble friendship was more than half it was all of it. What would the holy life be like, if they had not all come to the Buddha, as their best friend, to be shown the right way? (SN 45.2 and SN 3.18; further examples: AN 6.57; MN 121).

The best-known remark of Ananda must surely be the one where he said that causal arising[33] was very profound, but it seemed quite clear to him. Again the Buddha disagreed: it was profound, but very difficult to penetrate. Because it was not properly understood, there was no liberation for beings caught in the wheel of life and death.[34] And then the Buddha explained to Ananda causal arising in its manifold aspects (DN 15).

Once Ananda saw an archer perform extraordinary feats. He told the Buddha how he had admired that. (Ananda came from the warrior caste and probably greatly appreciated such skill.) The Buddha used this statement to draw an analogy. He said it was more difficult to understand and penetrate the Four Noble Truths[35] than to hit and penetrate with an arrow a hair split seven times.

Another report says that Ananda once saw the famous Brahman Janussoni (MN 4; MN 27; MN 99; AN 2.15; etc.), a disciple of the Buddha, driving along in his glorious, white chariot. He heard the people exclaim that the chariot of the priest of King Pasenadi's court was the most beautiful and best of all. Ananda reported this to the Buddha and asked him how one could describe the best chariot according to Dhamma. The Buddha explained in a detailed analogy what the vehicle to Nibbana had to consist of: the draft-animals had to be faith and wisdom, moral shame the brake, intellect the reins, mindfulness the charioteer, virtue the accessories, jhana[36] the axle, energy the wheels, equanimity the balance, renunciation the chassis; the weapons were love, harmlessness and solitude, and patience its armor (SN 45.4).

8. Ananda's Former Lives

A summary of Ananda's former lives shows that he was only seldom a god, seldom an animal, and mostly a human. One can see that his most important aspect was as a human, while his brother Anuruddha had almost always been a god, and Devadatta very often an animal.

His close connection with the Buddha is shown in the fact that he was often his brother. The examples of former lives given here will be mainly those which exemplify that he, too, had to exert himself to attain virtue.

Jataka 498. He and the Bodhisatta were born as cousins among the outcastes or Candalas. Their job was the fumigation of malodorous places. In order to escape the contempt they were held in, they disguised themselves as young men of the Brahman caste and went to the University at Takkasila to study. Their deceit was discovered and they were beaten up by their fellow students. A wise and kindly man ordered the students to stop and advised the two Candalas to become ascetics. They followed this advice, and in due course died; as punishment for their deceit, they were reborn as animals, namely as offspring of a doe. They were inseparable and died together by the arrow of a hunter. In the next life they were sea hawks and again died together because of a hunter.

With this, their existences below the human level came to an end. Ananda was born as the son of a king and the Bodhisatta as the son of the priest at court. While Ananda held the higher position in a worldly sense, the Bodhisatta had more inner abilities, because for one thing, he could remember all the above three lives. But Ananda could only remember his life as a Candala. At the age of sixteen, the Bodhisatta became a sincerely striving ascetic while Ananda became king. Later on the Bodhisatta visited the king. He praised the happiness of asceticism and explained the unsatisfactoriness of the world of the senses. Ananda admitted that he realized this, but that he could not let go of his desires, that he was held fast like an elephant in a swamp. Thereupon the Bodhisatta advised him that even as a king he could practice virtue, such as not levying unjust taxes, and supporting ascetics and priests. But when hot passions arose in him, he should remember his mother. How he had been completely helpless as a baby, and if his mother had not brought him up, he would never have become king. Thereupon Ananda resolved to become an ascetic, and both attained to the brahma realm.

Jataka 421. The Bodhisatta had been born as a poor laborer and endeavored to keep the fast days.[37] His longing to be reborn as a king was fulfilled. Ananda lived in his kingdom as a poor water-carrier. His whole fortune was a coin which he had hidden under a stone in a certain place. When a festival was observed in the city, the water-carrier's wife urged him to enjoy himself too and asked him whether he had any money at all. He said he had this coin but it was twelve miles away. She replied he should get it and that she had saved up the same amount. They could buy garlands, incense and drinks with that. Ananda set out in spite of the midday heat, happy in the expectation of the festival. When he passed through the courtyard of the king's palace he sang a song. The king saw him and asked the reason for his joyfulness. He answered that he did not notice the heat, as he was being driven by hot desire, and told his story.

The king asked how much his treasure amounted to, maybe one hundred thousand pieces? When he finally heard that it was only one coin, he exclaimed that Ananda should not walk through the heat but that he would give him a similar coin. Ananda replied that he was very grateful because then he would have two coins. The king then offered him two coins but Ananda said he would fetch his own one nevertheless. The king now became excited and raised his offer to millions, to the post of viceroy, but Ananda would not let go of his coin. Only when the king offered him half his kingdom did he agree. The kingdom was divided up, and Ananda was called King One Coin.

One day the two of them went hunting. When they became tired, the Bodhisatta put his head in the lap of his friend and fell asleep. Then the thought came to Ananda to kill the king and to rule the whole kingdom by himself. He was drawing his sword, when he remembered how grateful, he — a poor yokel — should be to the king and how wicked it was of him to have such a wish arise. He put his sword back in its sheath, but even a second and a third time he was overcome by the same desire. Feeling that this thought might rise in him again and again and could lead him on to very evil deeds, he threw away his sword, woke the king, prostrated before him and asked his forgiveness. The Bodhisatta forgave him and said he could have the whole kingdom and he would be satisfied to serve as viceroy under him. But Ananda replied that he was finished with his lust for power, he wanted to become an ascetic. He had seen the cause of desire and how it grew; now he wanted to pull it out by the roots. He went to the Himalayas and reached perfect insight. The Bodhisatta remained in the world.

Jataka 282. The Bodhisatta was a righteous king of Benares who practiced the ten royal virtues, so that he gave alms, practiced the moral rules, and observed sacred days. Now one of his ministers carried on an intrigue in his harem. The gentle king waived the death penalty, only banished him and allowed him to take his family and fortune along. The minister then went to live at a neighboring king's court, became his confidant and told him one could easily occupy Benares, because its king was much too gentle. But the neighboring king, Ananda, was suspicious, because he was well acquainted with the strength and power of the State of Benares. The minister advised him to experiment. He should destroy one village of Benares. If any of his men were caught, the king would probably even reward the prisoners. True enough, when the marauders were brought before the Bodhisatta, and lamented they had plundered out of hunger, he gave them money.

This served to convince Ananda of the truth of the treacherous minister's words and he marched into the State of Benares. The commander-in-chief of the Bodhisatta wanted to defend the kingdom, but the latter said that he did not want to be the cause of harm for others. If the other king wanted his kingdom, he should have it. He let Ananda capture him and put him into prison. There he practiced loving-kindness meditation towards the rapacious King Ananda, who was struck down by a fever and plagued by a guilty conscience. Ananda asked the Bodhisatta's pardon, returned his kingdom to him and swore to be his ally forever. The Bodhisatta returned to his throne and spoke to his ministers about the virtues and rewards of harmlessness, saying that because he had made peace with the invaders, hundreds were spared death on the battlefield. Then he renounced his throne, became an ascetic and attained to the brahma realm. Ananda, however, remained king.

9. The Last Days of Gotama the Buddha

A welcome addition to Ananda's conversations with the Awakened One is the account concerning the last events in the life of the Buddha, in which Ananda played a leading role. It is the Maha-Parinibbana Sutta (DN 16), the discourse on the Buddha's passing away, his ultimate entrance into Nibbana.[38] These records convey a special mood, namely that of parting, which was especially painful for Ananda. It is also the first small beginning of the decline of the Dhamma, which will slowly disappear with increased distance from the Buddha's lifetime, until a new Buddha arises. This entire text gives, as it were, voice to the admonition to practice Dhamma while there is still chance. It reflects once more Ananda's whole character, and therefore we will follow its course, and emphasize those points which are important as far as Ananda is concerned.

The first section of the Maha-Parinibbana Sutta starts at Rajagaha, the capital of the State of Magadha. Devadatta's attempt to create a schism in the Sangha had happened seven years earlier. King Ajatasattu reigned in Magadha. King Pasenadi of Kosala had just been overthrown and the Sakya clan had come to its tragic end in which Ananda's brother, Prince Mahanama, was killed. At that time, three famous warrior clans lived north of the Ganges, near the Himalayas. They were the Koliyas, the Mallas and the Vajjians, all of which had retained relative independence from the Maharaja Ajatasattu. He had the intention of destroying the Vajjians and to incorporate their land in his.

While the Buddha could not prevent the ruin of those Sakyans who had not entered the Order, because they had to pay a kammic debt, he did help the Vajjians and later indirectly also the Mallas. This is the external "political" background of the last years of the Buddha's life. In detail, this incident happened as follows:

The king gave orders to his minister, Vassakara, to go to the Buddha and to announce his intention to go into battle against the Vajjians. While Vassakara delivered his message, Ananda stood behind the Buddha and fanned him. The Awakened One turned to Ananda and put seven questions to him about the life style and conditions of the Vajjians.

Ananda declared that they often had council meetings in which they deliberated harmoniously, did not repeal their old laws, followed the advice of their elders, did not rape women, honored their temples and shrines, did not revoke gifts to religious places, and that they gave protection and hospitality to all true priests and ascetics. With these seven qualities, said the Buddha, one could expect prosperity for the Vajjians, not decline. Some time earlier the Buddha had given these seven rules to them. The king's minister replied that even one of these qualities would be enough for their continued existence as a clan. As long as the Vajjians kept to these seven rules, it would be impossible for the king to conquer them, except through inner dissension or treachery. He left with this conviction in mind and reported to the king that it would be useless to start a war against the Vajjians. Indians in those days had so much confidence in the spiritual strength of a people, that the hint of moral superiority was sufficient to prevent a war. Only much later, after the death of the Buddha, was it possible for the king to overrun the Vajjians, and this only because they had meanwhile forsaken their moral integrity.

This highly political discussion was used by the Buddha as an occasion to request Ananda to call all monks of the area together. He would give them an exhortation about seven things, which would serve for the continued existence of the Sangha. The monks should assemble frequently, should conduct their affairs amicably, should not make new rules but obey the old ones, should honor the elders of the Sangha and give heed to their advice, should resist craving, enjoy solitude, and practice mindfulness at all times, so that like-minded persons would be attracted and those who were already living the holy life would be happy.

After the Buddha had spoken in this way to the monks, he gave them the following terse summary of the teaching, which recurs many times throughout this narrative:

That is virtue, that is concentration, that is wisdom. Concentration fortified with virtue brings great benefits and great fruits. Wisdom fortified with concentration brings great benefits and great fruits. The mind fortified with wisdom becomes liberated from all taints, namely from the taint of sensual desire, the taint of (desire for) being and the taint of ignorance.

After this exhortation, the Buddha commenced his last journey. He always went to places where there were people ready to understand Dhamma, or where misunderstandings needed to be sorted out, or where brute force could be prevented. On this last journey he went first in the direction of the Ganges river to Nalanda, which later became a famous Buddhist teaching center. This town was Sariputta's birthplace and here he took leave of the Buddha. He wanted to stay there and teach Dhamma to his mother before he died. When saying farewell, this great disciple voiced once more the Buddha's praise: "It is clear to me, Lord, that there is no one more distinguished in wisdom."[39]

Then the Awakened One went with a large company of monks to Vesali. This town was the capital of the Vajjians, whose virtue he had praised, and from whom he had averted the threat of King Ajatasattu's attack. Why did the Buddha go to the capital of the Vajjians and spend the last of the forty-five rains retreats of his life in that vicinity? It is not too far-fetched to think that this was meant as a non-aggressive warning to King Ajatasattu to keep the peace, and to the Vajjians to keep up their virtue.

At Vesali he became ill with a deadly disease. He overcame it by will-power, as he did not want to die without having assembled the disciples once more. That a Buddha can become ill is due to the imperfection of the body, but that he can master the illness at will is due to the perfection of the Awakened One.

Ananda had been extremely grieved about the Buddha's illness. He was so worried that he could not think properly. He related to the Buddha that he had found consolation in the fact that surely the Awakened One would not attain final Nibbana without having given regulations about the Community of monks. But the Buddha rejected this. What was there left to pronounce for the disciples? He had taught the Dhamma in all its aspects and kept nothing secret. Only one who believed that it was he who had to guide the monks, one who was still possessed of the "I am" conceit, could believe himself to be so important. Furthermore the Buddha declared that he was now eighty, had reached old age, and could move the body only with difficulty, just like an old cart. His body was only at ease when he entered upon and dwelled in the signless deliverance of the mind.[40] With this he implied that a Buddha's body is also subject to the law of impermanence. But he immediately gave Ananda an antidote for the sadness caused by these words: "So Ananda, each of you should be an island unto himself, with himself and no other as his refuge; each of you should make the Dhamma his island, have the Dhamma and no other as his refuge."

The third chapter of the Discourse is located at Vesali, where the Buddha dwelled for the rains retreat. One day he requested Ananda to take a sitting mat and to go with him to the Capala Shrine and pass the day there in meditation. When they were seated the Blessed One looked at the peaceful landscape before him and reminded Ananda of the many beautiful spots in the vicinity. The reason for this seemingly unmotivated description of the countryside becomes clear later.

The Buddha said that anyone who had developed the Four Bases to Success[41], had made them his vehicle and his foundation could, if he wished, live out the age. The Exalted One had done all that, and he could, if requested, live to the end of this age.[42] Although Ananda was given such a plain and broad hint, which certainly coincided with his longing, he did not beg the Buddha to stay alive, out of compassion for all beings. Not only once, but a second and third time, the Buddha addressed Ananda in this way. But Ananda did not take these hints; in his confusion he was not himself, being ensnared by Mara.[43] Mara had power over him, as he had not yet fully purified himself.

At this moment Ananda, who usually was so circumspect, had lost his mindfulness, which previously had happened only in negligible matters. Otherwise our whole aeon would have taken quite a different turn. Could it be that Ananda was too much absorbed in the pleasant feeling of being at that moment in so close companionship with the Buddha, in that enchanting evening hour in the peaceful scenic environment of the sala forest? Was it, perhaps, just this very attachment to the Buddha's company that prevented a response which properly should have issued out of that very attachment — a response that would have accorded with his deepest wishes for a longer life for the Exalted One? If Mara had not intervened, Ananda would have asked the Buddha to accept the burden of a prolonged life, out of compassion for the world. But Mara prevented it, because innumerable beings would have escaped his clutches in such an event.

This scene belongs to the mysteries of the Pali Canon and one could puzzle about it endlessly. One can only accept the fact that it is our own doing which brought us into an age in which the person who could have kept the Awakened One alive to this day was blinded by Mara and remained silent.

Let us continue the account: The Buddha dismissed Ananda, who seated himself under a nearby tree and started meditating. Then Mara appeared before the Buddha and reminded him of a promise made forty-five years before, immediately after his enlightenment: Mara had then requested the Buddha to enter final Nibbana and not to teach. But the Buddha had replied that he would not die until he had established and well taught the four kinds of disciples,[44] and until the holy life was well advanced. But now that had been accomplished, Mara declared, and it was time to fulfill his promise. The Buddha replied that he would attain final Nibbana in three months from that time. One might wonder why the Buddha even gave Mara a promise and also why it was Mara, the Evil One, to whom he first announced the time of his death.

But just here the supreme detachment of an Awakened One becomes apparent. He considered this mortal body, which he carried around, as belonging to Mara. Immediately after enlightenment, the Awakened One had determined for himself how long he wanted to keep this body. There is no reason for a Buddha to go back on such a resolve, and only Mara would understand it is a "promise," rather than a freely arrived at, voluntary ending.

In any case, the Buddha now dismissed the idea of remaining alive throughout the aeon. He had to specifically let go of this possibility, as it seems to have been the norm for a Buddha to continue living. When the Awakened One relinquished the will to live, there was a great earthquake, and thunder resounded, such was the powerful effect on the natural elements when he renounced them as a basis for life.

When Ananda became aware of the quake and thunder, he asked the Buddha for their cause. The Buddha replied that there were eight reasons for earthquakes: there are occasions when great forces move, this was the first reason; or a monk or Brahman may possess supernormal power and have reached a certain kind of meditation, that was the second reason; while the last six concerned the conception, birth, enlightenment, the start of the teaching of the Dhamma, relinquishing the will to live, and final Nibbana of a Buddha. One can see from this how deeply connected a Buddha, the highest of all beings, is with the whole cosmos.

The expositions that follow on eight kinds of assemblies, eight fields of mastery and eight liberations[45] seem quite unmotivated in this context. It appears to be one of those occasions for a spontaneously arisen discourse. Scholars speak about insertions into the text because at first there were eight reasons for earthquakes, then three other "eights" were brought in. In reality there is a deeper connection, designed to bring Ananda from the superficial to the profound and to let him know the quickly approaching death of the Buddha in such a way that it would not disturb him.

After the Buddha had helped to direct Ananda on the path towards enlightenment, he related how he had told Mara forty-five years ago that he would not attain final Nibbana until the Dhamma was well established. Now Mara had appeared before him and he had told him he would live only for another three months. Therefore he had now relinquished the will to live. That had been the reason for the earthquake.

Thereupon Ananda begged the Awakened One three times that he should remain for the whole aeon. But the Buddha replied that the appropriate time for this had lapsed. When Ananda asked for the third time, the Buddha inquired whether he had faith in the Perfect One's enlightenment. When Ananda affirmed this, he asked why then was he urging him three times.

Ananda replied that his reason was because the Awakened One had said he could remain for an aeon due to his practice of the four bases to success. The Buddha asked whether Ananda had believed this. Ananda affirmed it. Then the Buddha made it clear to him that he had let the opportunity slip by — "what you missed in this hour, no eternity can return," and told him that, if Ananda had then requested him, he would have complied the third time. And he also reminded him that not only now, but already fifteen times previously he had made this statement to Ananda, that due to the four bases to success he could remain for a whole aeon. Five of the places where he had said it were near Vesali, and it was in this respect that the Buddha had referred to them in the beginning of these accounts. But Ananda had always remained silent.

Finally the Buddha added the admonition that he had always spoken about the impermanence of all phenomena, and that it was unthinkable that a perfect one should go back on his word. In three months time he would attain final Nibbana. Thereupon he requested Ananda to assemble the monks of the area. He then addressed the assembly with the exhortation always to practice insight, so that this holy life may endure long for the welfare and happiness of many. At the end of the discourse he made it known that he would pass away in three months. He gave them some stanzas for contemplation; amongst them are these:

My years are now full ripe, the life span left is short. Departing, I go hence from you, relying on myself alone. Be earnest, then monks, be mindful and of virtue pure! With firm resolve guard your own mind!

Whoso untiringly pursues the Teaching and the Rule, Shall go beyond the round of births, and make and end of suffering.[46]

The fourth chapter of this account tells of the Buddha resuming his journeys after the rains retreat and declaring that he would not return to Vesali. On the way he spoke to the monks on the same topics he had expounded earlier: that they had to travel through this long round of rebirths because they had not penetrated four things. Before, he had named them as the four truths, but now he spoke on the four stages of the fourth truth: a noble one's virtue, a noble one's concentration, a noble one's wisdom, and a noble one's deliverance. And again, as so often on his last journey, he emphasized concentration fortified by virtue.

At the next resting place he explained to the monks how they should act, if someone purported to quote his words. One should remember these sentences and look for verification in the Vinaya or confirmation in the suttas.[47] If one could not find them there, then one would have to come to the conclusion that it had been wrongly learned by that person, and should reject it.[48] This admonition was extremely important for the faithful transmission of his words and has been the reason why to this day one can distinguish between the Buddha's own words and post-canonical or unauthentic texts.

After this, the Buddha journeyed to the province of the Mallas, the warrior clan nearest to the Himalayas. It is possible that meantime he had also been in not-too-distant Savatthi, because it was there that the news of Sariputta's death reached him.

In the land of the Mallas, the neighbors of the Sakyas, he became seriously ill, after taking food from the goldsmith Cunda. He had asked the goldsmith to give the mushroom dish[49] only to him and to offer the monks something else. Then he asked that the remainder of the dish be buried, because only a Buddha could digest it and no one else. Also this second illness, cholera, was born by the Buddha with equanimity and he was not deterred from his journey. He had difficulty speaking, though. On the way he asked Ananda to spread his robe as he was exhausted and wished to rest. Ananda should bring him some water from the nearby stream. Ananda would have preferred to bring water from the river, because the stream had been churned up by many carts. After the Buddha had repeated his request three times, however, the obedient Ananda went to the stream and saw that the water had become quite clear in the meantime. He was delighted about his Master's magical powers. A similar incident had happened earlier in the land of the Mallas where a well had been stopped up.

On the way, the Buddha met Pukkusa, a prince of the Mallas, a disciple of A.lara Kalama. Pukkusa had been together with that ascetic some fifty years earlier. Pukkusa started his conversation with the statement how astounding it was, what a deep peace those could achieve who had gone forth into homelessness. Once his master had been so deeply concentrated that he did not see nor hear five-hundred carts passing by him and yet there was no question of his being asleep. The Buddha countered this with the question, whether it was more difficult to be so deeply concentrated while there was thunder and lightning, and rain torrents coming down. Pukkusa agreed with this. Thereupon the Buddha related that he had abided once like that, while all around him oxen and plowmen were killed by lightning. This account sufficed for Pukkusa to declare that the Buddha had thereby expounded the Dhamma in its manifold aspects; he took refuge and became a lay disciple, the last one in the Buddha's lifetime. Then he presented two sets of golden-hued robes to the Buddha. The Buddha asked that he give one to him and the other one to Ananda. On this occasion Ananda did not reject the gift. He remarked that the golden hue of the robe was almost without brilliance compared to the bright radiance of the Buddha's skin. The Exalted One said that there are two occasions when the complexion of the Perfect One becomes exceptionally clear and bright: on the day of enlightenment and on the day of his death. In the last hours of the following night he would attain final Nibbana.

After he had taken a bath in the vicinity, the Buddha turned to Ananda and said that no one should reproach the goldsmith Cunda that the Buddha had died after taking a meal from him. There were two offerings in the world that are best: the almsfood after which the Bodhisatta becomes enlightened and the almsfood after which he attains final Nibbana. Cunda would gain much merit from his gift: his life would be prolonged and his well-being heightened. He would gain much influence, fame and a heavenly rebirth.

The fifth chapter starts with the Buddha's request to Ananda to accompany him to the region of Kusinara, to the sala-tree grove of the Mallas. When they arrived, Ananda arranged a couch for him, with the head to the north, between two large sala trees. Although it was not the right season, the trees were in flower and sprinkled their blossoms over the body of the Buddha. And blossoms of the heavenly mandarava tree fell from the sky, together with heavenly scents, and there was music of the spheres. This peaceful, idyllic picture of the last hours of the founder of Buddhism has been compared with the death of Jesus Christ by a Japanese Buddhist, D.T. Suzuki. In both cases the deaths of the founders have become symbols for those who follow their teachings.

The Awakened One then said that veneration for him through heavenly music, scents, and blossoms was not honoring him the right way: who, as a disciple of the Master, enters upon the proper way and practices the Dhamma, he honors the Perfect One with the highest reverence. Just then, the Venerable Upavana was fanning the Blessed One. When the Buddha requested Upavana to stand aside, Ananda wanted to know why he was so summarily dismissed.

The Buddha explained that innumerable deities had come from all directions of the world to have a last glance at a fully enlightened one, who so seldom can be seen. But since Upavana, an eminent monk, was standing in front of him, they could not see him. Upavana's spiritual radiance must have been more powerful than the penetrative ability of the gods.

Ananda inquired further into details about the gods and learned that some were weeping and wailing, but that those free from sense desire were resigned and calm. The Buddha gave Ananda another directive: there were four places in the world worthy of veneration, which would inspire a faithful follower — the birthplace of the Buddha (near Kapilavatthu), the place of enlightenment (near Uruvela), the place where he taught the Law for the first time (near Benares) and the place of final Nibbana (near Kusinara). (It is noteworthy that each of these places is in the forest and near a city, but never inside one.) All those who would travel to visit these shrines with confident hearts would attain a heavenly rebirth.

Seemingly out of context, Ananda asked the question, already narrated, how one should act towards women. Following that, he asked how to deal with the body of the Blessed One. That was a matter for lay people, the Buddha replied; the monks should be concerned with striving for their own deliverance. Then Ananda wanted to know how the lay people should carry out the funeral ceremony. The Buddha gave detailed instructions about the cremation and the erection of a stupa.[50] There were four beings worthy of a stupa: a perfect Buddha; an enlightened one who does not teach (pacceka-buddha); a disciple who is an arahant — fully enlightened; and a universal monarch.[51] He who worships there would also attain good results.

Then Ananda, overpowered by grief, went aside, clasped the door jamb and wept. He knew he still had to battle and conquer, and the Master, who had compassion on him, would soon be no more. What remained as the fruit of his twenty-five years of service? This famous scene is often depicted in Buddhist art and is reminiscent of the weeping Christians beneath the cross.

When the Buddha did not see Ananda near him and inquired where he was, he had him summoned and said to him: "Do not sorrow. Have I not told you many times that everything changes and vanishes? How could something that came to being and was formed not be destroyed? For a long time, Ananda, you have attended the Perfect One, gladly, sensitively, sincerely and without reserve, with bodily acts of loving-kindness, as well as with speech and thoughts. You have made great merit, Ananda; keep on endeavoring and soon you will be free from all taints."

Following this, he told him an incident of long ago, in which Ananda already served him and made much worldly merit (J 307).

After the Awakened One had foretold a second time that Ananda would soon attain arahantship, he turned to the monks and once more proclaimed the praise of Ananda: all the Buddhas of the past had had such excellent attendants and all Buddhas of the future would have them too. His skill in dealing with people was admirable. Each assembly of monks who were taught by Ananda, were always overjoyed and everyone wanted to listen to him further. Ananda had such remarkable, extraordinary popularity, as one otherwise only finds in a universal monarch. Here too, as so often in the texts, one can find the two ways he addressed Ananda: on the one hand, great praise for him and a summons to the monks to appreciate his greatness; on the other hand, however, always the reminder to overcome the last defilements.

After this praise, Ananda turned the conversation to another topic. He suggested that it might be better if the Buddha did not die here in the backwoods, but in one of the great capitals, such as Savatthi, Rajagaha, Kosambi, or Benares. It is noteworthy, that he did not propose the Buddha's hometown of Kapilavatthu. It would have been the most appropriate with respect to distance as well as suitability. But Kapilavatthu had been ransacked and almost destroyed recently by the son of King Pasenadi. So Ananda did not mention it, just as he did not mention Vesali, because the Buddha had said that he would not return there. Ananda thought that the funeral ceremony could be performed better in one of the large cities by the lay followers living there. But the Buddha, lying on his deathbed, explained to him in great detail, why Kusinara was not an unimportant place at all.

The Buddha had lived there a long time ago as the universal monarch Maha-Sudassana, and he had left his body there no less than six times as the universal monarch; this was the seventh and last time. The splendor and magnificence of that kingdom had been destroyed, had disappeared and vanished. This, indeed, was enough to make one weary of all conditioned things as one of the most famous stanzas of the Dhamma taught:

Conditions truly they are transient. Their nature is to arise and cease, Having arisen, then they pass away, Their calming and cessation is true bliss. — Thag 20 (v. 1159) [52]

The Buddha's discourse about Maha-Sudassana was the last great teaching he gave. Subsequently he let Ananda summon the Mallas of Kusinara, so that they could bid farewell to him. At that time, a wanderer called Subhadda was in Kusinara and heard about the forthcoming final Nibbana of the Buddha. He thought that it was rare that a Buddha appeared in the world. Therefore it would be well if he could have a doubt resolved by him, before it was too late. He begged Ananda to let him approach the Buddha. Ananda refused him, saying that the Master should not be troubled any more. Ananda refused permission three times, out of love for his master. But the Buddha told Ananda to let the wanderer approach him, because he wanted to inquire for the sake of knowledge and not to cause trouble. Subhadda then asked him a question about which teaching was actually correct, as some of the teachers of different sects contradicted each other. The Buddha replied that he would rather teach him the Dhamma: wherever one follows the Noble Eightfold Path, there one can find the true holy life, there the four fruits of the homeless life would be found. If monks live in the right way, then the world will never be devoid of arahants, or true saints. Over fifty years he has been a monk and had expounded the Dhamma — and apart from adherence to Dhamma there could be no holy life.

This short discourse was sufficient for Subhadda, just as it had been for Pukkusa, to realize the Dhamma in its manifold aspects and to go for refuge to the Buddha and ask for admission into the order of monks. The Buddha remarked about the rule, according to which wanderers of other sects had to be put on probation for four months. Subhadda agreed readily, he even wanted to be put on probation for four years. Thereupon the Buddha accepted him immediately, making a last exception, and this very last monk disciple of the Buddha soon became an arahant.

The sixth part of this narrative which now follows, begins with the last instructions of the Buddha: first of all the monks should never think, after his death, that they now did not have a teacher anymore, because now the Dhamma and Vinaya would be their teacher. To this day, the word of the Buddha laid down in the texts is decisive for the followers of his teaching. Second, after his death the monks should no longer address each other indiscriminately as "friend."[53] The senior monks, senior in years in the Order, could address the junior ones as "friend" or with their names, while the junior ones should use "Venerable Sir."[54] This rule also served as an affirmation of the tradition which was now to be lived by the senior monks as an example, and which should be honored in them instead of honoring the Buddha. This is the way of reverence according to seniority in the Order and does not depend on any qualities that monks or nuns may have.

The third rule gave the monks permission to abolish the lesser and minor rules and all they entailed, according to their own judgment. After his death some details would be difficult to understand and might be considered petty. As a guarantee that at least the main rules would be followed, the assembly of monks might decree that minor rules would no longer be binding. Whoever wanted could keep them, but there would be no compulsion any more. The fourth and last instruction was to impose the higher penalty on the monk Channa. Ananda asked how that was to be understood. The Buddha explained that Channa was not to be spoken to or advised or instructed, no matter what he did.

After these primarily external directions which Ananda was to fulfill, the Buddha once more turned to the whole assembly of monks and asked them whether they had any doubt or problem concerning actions or teachings of the Enlightened One, the content and meaning of the Dhamma, the order of monks and, above all, about the Path or the way of practice. Those were the four important points for questions. They should consider them, so that they would not regret it later when the voice of the Teacher had been silenced. But upon being asked three times, the group did not respond. Thereupon Ananda said it was amazing that not even one monk had any doubts. The Buddha corrected him once again, because Ananda could not know for sure that really no one had any doubts. It was possible that a monk did not want to voice his doubt or that he was not conscious of it in this last hour. Only with such total knowledge could one speak in this manner. But in reality it was exactly as Ananda had said. The Buddha showed in this way the difference between Ananda's confidence and his own, the Perfect One's, insight. The least of the five-hundred monks present was a stream-winner, because the absence of doubt is one of the signs of this attainment.

And once more the Master turned to the assembly of monks to give them his final words of farewell:

Now, monks, I declare this to you: It is the nature of all formed things to dissolve. Strive with diligence!

After the Exalted One had spoken these last words, he entered into the four jhanas and the formless spheres of meditation absorption, until he attained the stage of cessation of perception and feeling. He thus went once more through the whole sequence of meditation states up to that of cessation. While the Master was reclining on the couch and going through the jhanas, Ananda said to his brother Anuruddha: "The Exalted One has attained final Nibbana, Venerable Sir." He no longer addressed him as "friend," but as a senior monk, although both had been ordained on the same day. Anuruddha, however, had the divine eye and corrected him: the Buddha was absorbed in the state of "cessation," but had not yet passed away. To recognize this last subtle difference of a state of mind was only possible for an arahant, who was — like Anuruddha — skilled in clairvoyance. Subsequently the Buddha entered the nine stages of concentration in reverse order, back to the first jhana. Then he attained again to the four jhanas, and during his absorption in the fourth jhana his body died.

As soon as his body ceased to live, an earthquake and thunder occurred, just as he had predicted. The Brahma Sahampati, who had induced the Buddha to teach and who himself was a non-returner, spoke a stanza, which pointed to the impermanence of even a Buddha's body. The king of the gods, Sakka, also spoke a stanza. He who was also a stream-winner, recited once more the famous lines which the Buddha had proclaimed during his own discourse: "Conditions truly they are transient." As a third, Anuruddha gave voice to two verses: Peaceful had been the death of the Master, without mortal pangs, gentle like a lamp he was extinguished. But Ananda lamented:

Then was there terror, and the hair stood up, when he, The all-accomplished one, the Buddha, passed away. — Thag 17.3 (v. 1046)

And all those of the five-hundred monks who had not yet attained full liberation from passions, lamented like Ananda. Anuruddha, however, consoled them all. He pointed to the immutable law of impermanence and turned their attention to the presence of invisible deities, amongst whom there were also those who lamented and those who were free of passions, fully enlightened.

He passed the rest of the night talking to his brother about the Dhamma. In the forty-three years of their lives as homeless ones, not a single conversation about the Dhamma seems to have taken place between these two very dissimilar brothers. But now Anuruddha devoted himself to his brother, who was in need of consolation. Towards morning Anuruddha asked him to take the message of the final Nibbana of the Buddha to the Mallas. Out of the circle of close disciples Anuruddha seems to have naturally taken over the role of the one who gives the directives. And Ananda went to the town and informed the Mallas.

Thereupon the Mallas gathered all the requisites for a great funeral ceremony, such as flowers and incense, and went in a procession to the sala-tree forest. There they paid homage to the body of the Buddha with festive dance, singing, and music, with banners and flags, with flowers and incense, until the seventh day. One may wonder why they thought of festivities at such a time. But why should they grieve? That would change nothing. They showed respect and veneration for the Master with their dancing and singing. They exulted that a Buddha had appeared in the world, that they had heard more or less of his Dhamma, that he had wandered through India for such a long time teaching the multitudes, and that he had founded the Sangha to preserve the Dhamma.

In the seventh day they erected a pyre for the cremation. At this time, Maha-Kassapa, who had not been with the Buddha, during his last days, was on his way to Kusinara, with a group of monks. He met a naked wanderer on the road and asked him about the Master. The wanderer replied that he had attained final Nibbana seven days before.

Then the monks in his company who had not become holy ones yet, grieved and lamented. One of the monks present, however, declared that it was a good thing that the stern ascetic had died, because now one could do again what one pleased. So soon the voice of the world, the voice of craving, had made itself heard. This monk, whose name also happened to be Subhadda, just as the last disciple of the Buddha, expressed what ignoble beings feel towards a Buddha: he is a troublesome reproach for them, a disturber of their superficial ways.

When the Mallas wanted to light the funeral pyre, they were unable to do so. Anuruddha said that the deities were preventing them, because they wanted to wait for the arrival of the venerable Kassapa. The venerable Kassapa soon arrived and, together with his company of monks, he circumambulated the corpse as a last mark of respect towards the "Giver of the Deathless."[55] Then the funeral pyre ignited itself. The corpse burned until only the bones remained; no ashes were to be seen.

When the neighboring clans heard the news of the Master's death, they all sent messengers to ask for relics, so that they could erect stupas for them. However, the Mallas requested the relics for themselves, because the Buddha had died on their land. Only when a Brahman urged them not to have a dispute about the relics of the greatest peace-maker, and suggested that they divide everything unto eight parts, did they relent. So it came about that the bones of the Buddha were divided into eight parts. The Brahman asked for the urn, and another clan received the ashes of the coals. In this way ten stupas were erected as memorials.

10. After the Death of the Buddha

Ananda said in verse about himself

The friend[56] has passed away,
The Master, too, has gone.
There is no friendship now that equals this:
The mindfulness directed bodywards.

The old ones now have passed away,
The new ones do no please me much,[57]
Today alone I meditate
Like a bird gone to its nest.
— Thag 17.3 (vv. 1035-36)

After the funeral ceremonies were over, Ananda saw only one duty left to him, namely to attain to total liberation as prophesied to him by the Buddha. Kassapa advised him to live in the forest in the province of the Kosala, which was near the Mallas and the Sakyans. When it became known that the Buddha's cousin was living in solitude in the forest nearby, he was inundated with visitors. The lay disciples wanted to be consoled about the death of the Buddha and also about the death of Sariputta and Moggallana, as well as the death of their just and beloved King Pasenadi. All four had died within the year. Day and night, in the village and in the forest, Ananda had to console the lay disciples and was never alone. Thereupon a deity who lived in the forest appeared to him. He was concerned about Ananda's spiritual progress and advised him as follows:

Now that you're sat at the foot of a tree
And in your heart, Nibbana you've placed,
Meditate, Gotama, do not be negligent,
what has this hurly-burly to do with you?
The venerable Ananda, exhorted by the deity, was stirred again to a sense of urgency (SN 9.5).

In the meantime the venerable Maha-Kassapa had decided to call a council of monks together to strengthen the Teaching and the Discipline. Because of unsafe conditions in the country of Kosala, the council was to take place in Rajagaha under the protection of King Ajatasattu. All living arahants, almost five hundred, were to take part and, in addition, Ananda, the only one who was a non-arahant. Ananda knew most of the discourses of the Buddha and therefore was indispensable to the council.

When the date set for the council came closer, Anuruddha suggested that his brother Ananda should only be admitted if he had overcome the last taints and had become an arahant. He knew the power of such an incentive. When Ananda heard this, he decided to employ every bit of strength and ability he possessed to realize Nibbana. He practiced the four foundations of mindfulness, a way which came most natural to him according to his tendencies. In the early hours of the morning, when he wanted to rest after his exertion, he knew without a doubt the he had attained release from all passions. The next day the council began. A place had been kept for him. Ananda appeared through the air through supernatural power and sat down at his place. When Anuruddha and Kassapa became aware that he had become an arahant, they expressed their brotherly joy with him and opened the council, which took place during the rains retreat. Other monks could not come to Rajagaha at this time.

During the council, Kassapa questioned the Keeper of the discipline, Upali, about each rule and its origin, so that the Vinaya was laid down first. The next item on the agenda was the Doctrine. Kassapa asked Ananda first about the longest discourses, then about the middle-length ones, and then the other collections.[58]

After the recitation of the Dhamma and Discipline, Ananda mentioned those matters which the Buddha had left as a legacy with him to settle. He told the assembly that the Master had allowed the lesser rules to be abolished. The holy monks could not agree what was meant by "lesser rules." Thereupon Kassapa suggested: the lay people would say that the monks had become slothful after the death of the Master, if now they abolished rules. Since it was not known which rules were meant, it would be best not to abolish any of them. In that case one would be sure not to act against the Master's wishes. And so it was done.

The elder monks present said it had been a breach of the training rules that Ananda had not asked which rules were meant, and he should confess this as a wrongdoing. Second, he was accused of having sewn a robe for the Exalted One, after having stepped on it. He replied that nothing had been further from his mind than disrespect for the Blessed One. Nevertheless, if the venerable ones considered it a wrongdoing, he would acknowledge it as such. Third, he was criticized for the fact that he had allowed women to salute the remains of the Blessed One first. He replied that at the time of the funeral arrangements, he had thought it would not be an unsuitable time for them (that is, too late) and therefore he had allowed them to pay their homage first. But here too he would accept their verdict. The fourth accusation which the monks leveled at Ananda, referred to the time when he had neglected to beg the Blessed One to remain for an aeon. Ananda defended himself by saying he had been possessed by Mara at the time, and therefore had not been responsible for his actions — how could he have otherwise failed to make this request? Ananda's behavior in the face of these accusations was exemplary: he submitted to the judgment of the other holy ones, although he, himself, could not see any wrongdoing, a fact which he did not fail to mention.

Subsequently Ananda reported the second instruction, which the Buddha had given immediately before his death, namely imposing the higher penalty on the monk Channa. The present assembly requested Ananda to present this decision to Channa himself. Ananda objected that Channa was a violent and unruly person. The assembly advised him to take a number of monks along. Leading a large group he journeyed to Kosambi where Channa was living, and informed him of the last will of the Buddha, that he had been declared dead in the Order.

This penalty had been explained by the Buddha to the horse trainer Kesi. He would use it against monks who could not be changed to wholesomeness either through admonition or discipline. Whoever could not be trained in this way would be considered as dead in the Order: he would not be spoken to, whatever he did. When Channa heard this, he became so horrified that he lost consciousness. When he regained his sense, he was deeply ashamed that the Master had proclaimed this penalty against him as his last instruction given to the Order. This gave him the impetus to put forth his most strenuous effort; within a short time he became an arahant. So this penalty showed itself to be the Buddha's last act of compassion for the benefit and happiness of the monk Channa, being effective even after the Buddha's death. When Channa had become a holy one, he went to Ananda and begged him for a repeal of the penalty. Ananda replied that as soon as he had attained release from the passions, the penalty was no longer operative in any case.

After the death of the Buddha, the venerable Maha-Kassapa, as the most respected disciple, had taken over the guidance of the Order. He had however not the status of being a "refuge" as the Buddha had been, nor was he his deputy. He was simply the foremost of the monks with the ten higher qualities.[59] He was, so to say, the symbol for the observance of Dhamma and Discipline.

Everyone turned to him for all questions regarding the Order. In this way he became the Elder of the Sangha. After him Ananda became the second leading elder, the second most venerated holy one, who was designated to look after the Order. After he had already been a monk for over forty years, he survived the Buddha another forty. And after having been the personal attendant of the Buddha for twenty-five years, he became the foremost of the holy ones for a similar length of time. At the time of the second council (another assembly of arahants), one hundred years after the final Nibbana of the Buddha, a personal disciple of Ananda was still alive. He was a very old monk by name of Sabbakami, who — it was said — had been in the Order for one hundred and twenty years (Cv XII).

When Ananda reached one hundred and twenty years, he felt that his death was near. He went from Rajagaha on a journey to Vesali, just as his master had done. When the king of Magadha and the princes of Vesali heard that Ananda would soon die, they hurried to him from both directions to bid him farewell. In order to do justice to both sides, Ananda chose a way to die in keeping with his gentle nature: he raised himself into the air through his supernormal powers and let his body be consumed by the fire element. The relics were divided and stupas erected.

The virtuous, wise man, The hero strong and ever resolute, The guardian of the word so true, Ananda found extinction now. — Thag 17.3 (v. 1049)

Notes

1. Buddhist tradition has it that there are 84,000 sections of the Teaching (or units of text; dhammakkandha). See "The Expositor" (Commentary to Dhammasangani), vol. I, pp. 22,34 (PTS).

2. As, in ancient India, the way of learning and studying was not through books, but by the oral instruction of the teacher, the words "he has heard much (or not)" are, in this context, equivalent to "he is very learned (or not)." 3. Dhamma: literally, the truth, the law. Used for the Buddha's teaching. 4.

Skillful in grammar and in other items. According to the commentary, this refers to the four "analytical knowledges" (patisambhida), of which two are mentioned in these verses, namely "grammar" (or language) and "meaning"; while the words "other items" refer to the remaining two, the analytical knowledges of the law (or conditionality) and of ready wit (perspicuity). 5. Sangha: the company of monks following the Buddha and his teaching 6. Once-returner: the second stage of enlightenment, which still requires one rebirth in the world of fivefold sense experience. 7.

Stream-entry: the first stage of enlightenment, where the first glimpse of Nibbana is gained, and the first three fetters abandoned. 8. During the monsoon rains in India (approximately July-September) the Buddha decreed that the monks should stay in one place under shelter and intensify their practice. This is followed to this day. 9. The five aggregates are the aspects of mind and body, which make up what is called a person: form (body), feeling, perceptions, mental formations (volitions, etc.), and consciousness. 10. "Crossing the stream to the other shore" is often used as an analogy for those monks and lay people who have left ordinary reactions and emotions behind, and have purified themselves to the extent of becoming "noble ones." 11. Sekha, lit. "a learner" or "one who trains himself." This denotes one who has attained to the three lower stages of sanctity, i.e., a stream-winner, once-returner and non-returner. 12. See The Life of Sariputta, The Wheel Nos. 90/91/92. 13. See The Roots of Good and Evil, The Wheel Nos. 251/252/253, p. 61. 14. By walking about without proper care he destroyed the "young corn" of the Sangha. 15. By allowing unrestrained young monks to come into contact with supporting families, he made the latter disaffected. 16. Brahma: Pali for those gods who enjoy states equivalent to the four deep meditations, or jhana (see later footnote). 17. Tathagata (lit. "one who has thus gone" or "thus come") is an epithet of the Buddha used by him when speaking of himself; generally translated as "the perfect one." 18. See MN 122 in The Wheel No. 87. 19. Dukkha: Pali for every kind of unsatisfactoriness, including gross and subtle suffering. 20. Jataka tales: 547 stories of the Buddha's past lives. 21. Reaching path and fruit: this expression means that a person not only knows the Noble Eightfold Path, but becomes the Noble Eightfold Path, and gains the fruits of this attainment, which is holiness. 22. Combines the function of toothbrush and toothpick. 23. Three knowledges: knowledge of past lives; knowledge of the arising and passing away of beings according to their kamma; exhaustion of the taints. (The taints are (a) sensual desire, (b) craving for being, (c) ignorance.) 24. AAneñja-samadhi: This is the concentration connected with the highest fruit attainment (arahatta), based on the fine-material or immaterial absorptions. 25. Five hindrances: Sensual desire, ill will, lethargy and drowsiness, restlessness and worry (distraction), and skeptical doubt. 26. Even today in modern Burma there are monks who remember by heart the Discipline, Discourses, and Abhidhamma — the Three Baskets of the Buddhist Scriptures — and can recite them. Printed they fill forty-five volumes! 27. At one time the Buddha was staying in the park of the Gosinga sala tree, also described as the Gosinga Wood, or Forest, with a number of experienced elder disciples. The venerable Sariputta mentions that this wood is a delightful place, with the sala trees all in bloom and their scent pervading the air as if in heaven. He then poses the above question to all the elder disciples and each one answers according to his own "specialty" in Dhamma. 28. Monks, nuns, and male and female lay devotees. 29. It seems that the Buddha did not absolutely refuse Maha-Pajapati Gotami, but perhaps wished to test her determination. It would have been a very difficult thing for aristocratic ladies in those days to do — to become nuns and live a hard life in the forest, subsisting on almsfood. Ladies then had no experience in looking after themselves or organizing anything, as their social scope under Brahmanism was very much restricted. 30. In the Vinaya (monk's discipline) the Buddha is represented as saying this, but such a prophecy involving time is found only here. There is not other mention anywhere in the whole of the Vinaya (discipline) and the Suttas (discourses). This makes it suspect as an intrusion. The Commentaries, as well as many other later Buddhist writings; have much to say about the decline of the Buddha's Dispensation in five-hundred-year periods, but none of this is the word of the Buddha and only represents the view of later teachers. 31. Dissatisfaction with celibacy. 32. But obviously there are many discourses of the Buddha which were not recorded — for instance, the detailed exposition of his "graduated talk" which he gave so many times; also many occasions in the account of his last days when only the subject headings are mentioned. 33. Causal arising: Dependent origination, see Wheel Booklet Nos. 15, 140; also 147/149). 34. The wheel of life and death: Because each cause has an effect, and ordinary beings cannot see the impact of their cravings, they are caught in rebirth after rebirth, as if in a revolving wheel. 35. The Four Noble Truths: The core of the Dhamma: the noble truth of dukkha (unsatisfactoriness); the noble truth of the cause of dukkha, which is craving; the noble truth of the cessation of dukkha which is Nibbana; the noble truth of the path to cessation, which is the Noble Eightfold Path. 36. Jhana: Four deeply inward and purified levels of mind of a high degree of concentration, when there is no sense of awareness present but only a brilliant and mindful awareness within. The Pali term may be rendered by "meditative absorption." 37. Uposatha, marking the four phases of the moon, when, especially on full moon, devout Buddhist lay men and lay women observe eight precepts. 38. See Last Days of the Buddha (Maha-Parinibbana Sutta): The Wheel No. 67/69. 39. See Sariputta's Lion's roar in The Life of Sariputta, The Wheel Nos. 90/92. 40. Animitta-cetovimutti: a deep state of meditation that transcends the "signs," or marks, or conditioned existence. 41. Four bases to success (iddhi-pada): will (desire to practice); effort; perseverance (repeatedly applying the mind); examination (leading to insight). 42. The discussion that follows is based on the commentary's interpretation of ayukappa: that the Buddha potentially had the age or lifespan of an aeon. The author has followed this interpretation. However, ayukappa can also mean one's natural lifespan. In that case the Buddha could perhaps have willed himself to live to a hundred years of some years longer (120 is always given in Pali as representing extreme old age), but disease was already upon his body and perhaps he saw that it would be difficult to continue teaching, even though his mind would, of course, remain unaffected. 43. Mara: The Buddhist "tempter" figure, the personification of evil, passion, and worldliness, obstructing people on their way to liberation. 44. Four kinds of disciples: Monks, nuns, laymen, laywomen. 45. For these groups of "eight," see The Last Days of the Buddha, The Wheel Nos. 67/69, pp.32-26. 46. Translation of the verses from Last Days of the Buddha, The Wheel No: 67/69. 47. Sutta: Discourse of the Buddha; literally "thread," threading together the gems of the words of the Buddha. 48. For the three remaining of these so-called "Four great Authorities," see Last Days, p. 46 49. It is not quite certain that this was a mushroom dish. See the thorough discussion in The Last Days of the Buddha. Arthur Waley also wrote on this subject from the Chinese sources (see the volume of collected poetry and articles published to honor his death). It may be assumed that the Buddha instructed Cunda not to give it to the other monks as he knew it would make them ill, while for himself this was not important, as death was near. 50. Stupa: A reliquary monument used before the Buddha's days and akin to barrows and tumuli in western countries. The remains of the famous would be set in a central place and a great mound raised over them. In India this was surmounted in the case of kings with a parasol. This is the origin of the innumerable stupas, cetiyas, dagobas, and pagodas found now in Buddhist lands, all of which have some precious articles interred there. Not all, of course, hold Buddha-relics. 51. Universal monarch (cakkavatti-raja): The ideal world ruler of Buddhist texts. He gains power by Dhamma and not by greed and so differs from most who are in authority. 52. These verses are also found in DN 16 (IV); DN 17; SN 15.20; SN 1.11; SN 6.15; SN 9.6; Jat 307. 53. Friend; Pali avuso, lit. "One of long life" and more respectful than friend. 54. Venerable Sir: Pali bhante, lit. "One who is auspicious."

55. Giver of the Deathless: an epithet of the Buddha.

56. The venerable Sariputta.

57. "The old ones" means not only the Buddha but also such eminent disciples as Sariputta and Moggallana. Some of the newer disciples of the Buddha who were not yet ariya (noble ones) and may have caused some trouble in the Sangha were doubtless "the new ones." 58. It is probable that also the actual order of the discourses within the various collections was standardized at this council. 59.

Ten higher qualities: Virtue and restraint according to the Vinaya — perfection in conduct; much learning, and remembering well; contentment with robes, almsfood, and shelter; ability at will to attain the four jhanas; supernormal abilities with the body as far as the heavenly realms; divine ear; seeing into the mind of other beings; recollection of past lives; divine eye; exhaustion of the taints.

Source

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